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1 1. David Hume, A Treatise of Human Nature.

2 2. Jaako Hintikka, “Cogito, ergo sum: Inference or Performance?”

3 3. Franz Brentano, Psychology from an Empirical Standpoint.

4 4. A good overview can be found in Barry Smith, Austrian Philosophy.

5 5. Kasimir Twardowski, On the Content and Object of Presentations.

6 6. Edmund Husserl, “Intentional Objects.”

7 7. Franz Brentano, On the Several Senses of Being in Aristotle.

8 8. Martin Heidegger, Towards the Definition of Philosophy.

9 9. Martin Heidegger, Being and Time.

10 10. The most widely read account of this sort is Hubert Dreyfus, Being-in-the-World.

11 11. George Berkeley, Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge; Maurice Merleau-Ponty, Phenomenology of Perception, p. 79 (his actual example is a house, not a mountain).

12 12. Martin Heidegger, Kant and the Problem of Metaphysics, pp. 251–252.

13 13. Graham Harman, Tool-Being, Heidegger Explained.

14 14. Hume, A Treatise of Human Nature.

15 15. Edmund Husserl, Logical Investigations.

16 16. G.W. Leibniz, “Principles of Philosophy, or, the Monadology,” §8, p. 214.

17 17. For another discussion of the aesthetics of causation, see Timothy Morton, Realist Magic.

18 18. Dave Hickey, The Invisible Dragon, Kindle edn., location 163 of 1418.

19 19. José Ortega y Gasset, “An Essay in Esthetics by Way of a Preface.”

20 20. See Graham Harman, Guerrilla Metaphysics, pp. 102–110; Graham Harman, Object-Oriented Ontology, ch. 2.

21 21. The poem, whose author is listed as “unknown,” can be found on the popular Pinterest website at https://www.pinterest.com/pin/507992032940257456/?lp=true

22 22. This is another way to account for the difference between Kripke’s theory of names (non-literalist) and those of Frege, Russell, and others (literalist). See Saul Kripke, Naming and Necessity.

23 23. For an unusually haunting meditation on the gap between art and knowledge, see Emmanuel Levinas, “Reality and its Shadow.”