Читать книгу Ice Adhesion - Группа авторов - Страница 11

Michael J. Wood and Anne-Marie Kietzig*

Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Canada

Abstract

Humans have faced the challenges and opportunities afforded by ice accumulation throughout our collective history. From the icing over of hunting plains to the accretion of ice on aeroplanes, the challenge of frozen water has shaped us as a species. In many ways, overcoming the challenge of surface ice accumulation is inextricably linked to human modernity. We have reached a point in engineering history where some of the most important unanswered questions cannot be fully resolved without the management and prevention of surface ice. These engineering challenges include: the complete implementation of renewable energy sources such as photovoltaic panels, wind turbines, and the requisite electrical transmission lines, the ushering in of the age of environmentally-friendly air travel, including the elimination of de-icing fluids, and the introduction of fully autonomous vehicles which will require sensors that are perpetually free of surface ice and roadways that are reliably ice free.

This chapter begins with a brief history of ice on Earth, followed by an overview of how humans have faced ice accumulation in the past and how advances in technology during the first two Industrial Revolutions have facilitated our understanding of ice formation. Next, we discuss the ice formation process in terms of embryo nucleation. This is followed by a discussion of the factors influencing ice adhesion, specifically the important relationship between surface morphology and ice adhesion strength. Finally, the origins of ice’s low friction is discussed in the last section.

Keywords: Surface icing, ice on earth, wetting, ice ages, anti-icing technology, ice formation, ice nucleation, ice growth, ice adhesion, ice friction