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In application development of microbial chitinous polysaccharides, several polymer structures can be constructed from nanofibers or nanoparticles for food formulations or biomedical devices, hydrogels for drug delivery systems or films, and scaffolds/composites or tablets for pharmaceutical formulations [155,215,238,239].

The diversity of polymer structures and their physicochemical and biological properties have attracted an increasing interest on these polysaccharides for several and diverse areas, such as biomedical devices, pharmaceutical industry, food products, cosmetic formulations, agriculture, and textiles or even on wastewater treatment (Table 2.4) [234,235,241].

Table 2.4 Microbial chitinous polysaccharide properties and applications.

Polysaccharide	Source	Properties	Applications	References
Chitin	Saccharomyces cerevisiae	Antifungal	Disease resistance against Botrytis cinerea infection in tomato fruit	[224]
Chitin	Rhizopus oryzae	Anti‐hepatotoxic effect, antioxidant	Pharma formulation to prevent the liver damage against paracetamol and increase the body's defense system	[240]
Chitosan	S. cerevisiae, Rhizopus arhizus	Metal ion sorption	Wastewater treatment	[241]
Chitosan	Aspergillus niger	Biocompatibility and swelling capacity	Hydrogel support for controlled release of the histidine analogous, betahistine	[215]
Chitin–glucan complex	A. niger	Anticholesterol	Fiber with potential therapeutic utility for coronary heart diseases, obesity, and diabetes
Chitin–glucan complex	A. niger	Heavy metal and nucleotide absorption capacity	Food additive	[246]
Chitin–glucan complex	A. niger	Water absorption capacity, antiaging effect	Cosmetic formulation for antiaging products	[247,248]
Chitin/chitosan–glucan complex	Schizophyllum commune	Antibacterial, noncytotoxic, wound healing capacity	Micro and non‐woven fiber for wound healing	[229]