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c. 272 Constantine the Great, Roman emperor 306–337, was born in modern Nis, Serbia.

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1814 Beethoven’s 8th Symphony received its premiere in Vienna.

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1879 at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, Constantin Fahlberg and Ira Remsen accidentally discovered saccharin.

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1900 a meeting of trade unionists, Marxists and Fabians resulted in the foundation of the Labour Representation Committee, or British Labour Party.

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1902 John Steinbeck, novelist, was born in Salinas, California.

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1933 arson destroyed part of Germany’s Reichstag building, leading to the suspension of civil liberties.

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1939 General Franco’s rebel Nationalist Government was recognised by Britain and France.