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Case 2.1 Nutrition and Weight

By Mikki Meadows‐Oliver, PhD, RN, FAAN

SUBJECTIVE

Neil, a 12‐month‐old infant, presents to the office for a well‐baby visit. He is accompanied by his mother, Kayla. Kayla states that Neil has been healthy since his last well‐baby visit at 9 months of age. He has had no visits to the urgent care clinic or to the emergency room in the interim. Kayla is concerned that Neil’s appetite has diminished. She states that he is not eating as much lately as he had been.

Diet: Neil’s nutrition history reveals that he has successfully transitioned to a diet with whole milk. He drinks five 8‐oz bottles of whole milk daily. Neil is a “picky eater.” He rarely eats foods that are offered to him and, instead, prefers to drink from the bottle. He is not currently taking any multivitamins.

Elimination: Kayla states that Neil has 4–6 wet diapers daily. He does not have any diarrhea but does have occasional constipation that is relieved with prune juice.

Sleep: Neil sleeps 13 hours nightly but does not take any naps during the day. He does not have any problems falling asleep or staying asleep. His nighttime bedtime routine includes a bath and bedtime story read to him by Kayla.

Developmental: Neil is able to walk while holding onto furniture. He can also stand unassisted for about 5 seconds. Neil says “dada” and “mama” and has words for bottle and milk.

Birth history: Neil was the product of a 37‐week gestation. He was delivered vaginally with the assistance of a vacuum. During the pregnancy, Kayla had no falls or infections. She did not drink alcohol, take over‐the‐counter or prescription medications (other than prenatal vitamins), use tobacco products, or use illicit drugs. Neil’s birth weight was 3000 g, and his Apgar scores were 8 at 1 minute and 9 at 5 minutes. Past medical history reveals that Neil has had 3 episodes of acute otitis media since birth. He has had no injuries or illnesses requiring visits to the emergency department.

Social history: Neil was born to a 20‐year‐old mother. He has a 2‐month‐old younger sibling. He lives at home with his mother and his paternal grandmother. Neil’s father is currently incarcerated. Neil’s mother does not currently work outside the home. The family receives a rent subsidy from Section 8 and a food subsidy from the Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) program and food stamps.

The family also receives monthly cash assistance from the Temporary Aid to Needy Families (TANF) program. The family has no pets and there are no smokers in the home.

Family medical history: Neil’s mother has no health problems. His father is 32 years old and has no history of chronic medical conditions. His maternal grandmother has a history of breast cancer. His maternal grandfather has high blood pressure. His paternal grandmother (48 years of age) is healthy with no health problems. The health history of his paternal grandfather is unknown.

Neil is not currently taking any over‐the‐counter, prescription, or herbal medications. He has no known allergies to food, medications, or the environment. He is up to date on required immunizations.

OBJECTIVE

Neil’s vital signs were taken in the office. His weight is 6.4 kg, and his length is 66 cm. His temperature is within the normal range at 36.8°C (temporal). When observing Neil’s general appearance, he is alert, active, and playful. He appears well hydrated and well nourished.

Skin: Clear of lesions; no cyanosis of his skin, lips, or nails; no diaphoresis noted. Neil has good skin turgor on examination.

HEENT: Neil’s head is normocephalic. His anterior fontanel is open and flat (0.5 cm × 0.5 cm). Red reflex is present bilaterally; and his pupils are equal, round, and reactive to light. There is no discharge noted. Pinnae are normal, and the tympanic membranes are gray bilaterally with positive light reflexes. Bony landmarks are visible, and there is no fluid noted behind the tympanic membrane. Both nostrils are patent. There is no nasal discharge, and there is no nasal flaring. Neil’s mucous membranes are noted to be moist when examining his oropharynx. He has 8 teeth present, with white spots present on both upper central incisors. There are no lesions present in the oral cavity.

Neck: Supple and able to move in all directions without resistance; shotty nodes present in the posterior cervical region.

Respiratory: Respiratory rate is 20 breaths per minute, and his lungs are clear to auscultation in all lobes. There is good air entry, and no retractions or grunting are noted on examination. No deformities of the thoracic cage noted.

Cardiovascular: Heart rate is 106 beats per minute with a regular rhythm. There is no murmur noted upon auscultation; brachial and femoral pulses are present and 2+ bilaterally.

Abdomen: Normoactive bowel sounds are present throughout; soft and nontender. There is no evidence of hepatosplenomegaly.

Genitourinary: Normal male genitalia. Neil is circumcised and his testes are descended bilaterally.

Neuromusculoskeletal: Good tone in all extremities; full range of motion in all extremities. His extremities are warm and well perfused. Capillary refill is less than 2 seconds, and his spine is straight.

CRITICAL THINKING

1 Which laboratory tests should be ordered as part of a 12‐month, well‐child visit?

2 Other than “well child,” what additional diagnoses should be considered for Neil?

3 What is the plan of treatment, referral, and follow‐up care?

4 Does this patient’s psychosocial history affect how you might treat this case?

5 What if the patient lived in a rural setting?

6 Are there any demographic characteristics that might affect this case?

7 Are there any standardized guidelines that should be used to assess or treat this case?