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QL technique is a state estimator that is similar to the previously considered QC method but involves linear terms rather than constant terms outside the tolerance region.

In this chapter, it is considered that the linear parts of the objective function of this estimator coincide with LAV objective function. Other works [23, 24] characterize these linear terms as tangents to the quadratic component so that the derivative of function J(x) does not have any discontinuities. Note that the formulation proposed in this chapter presents two derivative discontinuities at points at y_i(x) = − T and y_i(x) = T.

From the optimization perspective, the approach analyzed in this work has some benefits: (i) it can easily be formulated as a mathematical problem using a smaller number of binary variables and/or constraints than the quadratic‐tangent technique, (ii) the resulting problem structure allows binary variables to be relaxed without altering the optimal solution, and (iii) numerical simulations suggest that the time required for CPU is significantly smaller than that required by the quadratic‐tangent approach.