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From the perspective of the mobile thing, wireless personal area network (WPAN) technologies such as ZigBee (802.15.4) and Bluetooth (801.15.1) are suitable for lower bandwidth and lower energy communication needs, such as interacting with IoT devices or exchanging metadata.

The shorter range, while unfit for marine scenarios, can be applied in UAV-Fog since use cases, such as supporting land/marine vehicle, mandate that the UAV itself will adjust its location to stay close to the peers [31].

The traditional Wi-Fi AP-based infrastructure can be expanded using Wi-Fi direct. Here the client devices form a local Wi-Fi direct group, reducing the load on the AP by locally disseminating the data [35, 53] and advertising device services [54].

Bluetooth and Bluetooth Low Energy are common choices for UE when mediating data from other devices to a fog node (e.g. Wi-Fi AP-based), for instance, forwarding sensor data from Medical IoT devices [5].

Near-field communication (NFC) radio-frequency identification (RFID)-based technology, such as NFC may add an additional layer of physical security due to the extremely low signal range, for instance in UE-based Mobile-to-Mobile computation off-loading [55].