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 Managing trust. The information flows in MFC raise the issue of how to determine which nodes in the network are trustworthy for a particular client and request? Trust management frameworks need to manage trust assessment of both devices and applications and be able to adjust to the real-time updates of trust-related data, such as social relationships and execution results [68]. Some scenarios may also require decentralized trust management achievable with the help of blockchain technology; however, this aspect has issues with latency [69].

 Multitenancy. As the fog architecture dictates that fog platforms can host services for multiple parties, this poses the issue of how to ensure isolation in the runtime environment and ensure that only data that was intended to be shared is available across the instances [61, 70]. Secure isolation of tenant and user space continues to be a challenging requirement, as vulnerabilities allowing adversaries to access memory of other tenants VMs without permission [71] have surfaced, even in mass-produced CPUs.