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Table of Contents
Оглавление1 Cover
6 Foreword
7 Preface
10 Section I: Basics of Ultrasound and Imaging Chapter One: POCUS: Introduction Veterinary POCUS (V‐POCUS) Defined Terminology Updates Recording Your Findings on Goal‐directed Templates Echogenicity – Whites, Grays, and Blacks How Ultrasound Behaves Relative to Tissues and Elements Ultrasound Screen Orientation Directional Terms for Orientation References Further Reading Chapter Two: POCUS: Basic Ultrasound Physics Introduction Basic Ultrasound Principles The Final Say References Further Reading Chapter Three: POCUS: Basic Ultrasound Artifacts Introduction Artifacts of Attenuation: Strong Reflectors (Bone, Stone, Air) Artifacts of Attenuation: Fluid‐Filled Structures Artifacts of Velocity or Propagation Artifacts of Multiple Echoes Pearls and Pitfalls, The Final Say References Chapter Four: POCUS: Basic Ultrasound Scanning Introduction Understanding Features of the Ultrasound Image Probe Maneuvers Cardiac Orientation Image Optimization: Using the “Big 4” Knobs of Depth, Gain, Frequency, and Focus Presets, Abdominal, Cardiac, Small Parts, etc. Alternate Imaging Tools On the Horizon Documentation of POCUS and FAST Ultrasound Examination Findings Ultrasound Machine and Probe Care Deciding on an Ultrasound Machine Setting Up an Ultrasound Program Pearls and Pitfalls, The Final Say References Chapter Five: POCUS: Top Ultrasound Mistakes During Global FAST Introduction Image Acquisition Mistakes Other Probe–Skin Contact Issues Ultrasound Machine Optimization Pearls: Trouble Shooting a Poor Image Image Interpretation Pearls, Pitfalls, and The Final Say References Further Reading
11 Section II: Abdomen Chapter Six: POCUS: AFAST – Introduction and Image Acquisition Introduction How to Perform an AFAST Exam Naming and Order of the AFAST Views AFAST Diaphragmatico‐Hepatic View AFAST Spleno‐Renal View AFAST Cysto‐Colic View AFAST Hepato‐Renal Umbilical View AFAST HR5th (SR5th) Bonus View AFAST‐Focused Spleen Recording AFAST Findings on Goal‐directed Templates Pearls and Pitfalls, The Final Say Quick Reference of Normals and Rules of Thumb References Further Reading Chapter Seven: POCUS: AFAST – Clinical Integration Introduction Calculating the Abdominal Fluid Score Major AFAST Difference Between Blunt and Penetrating Trauma Use of AFAST for Canine Anaphylaxis AFAST DH View for Pericardial Effusion AFAST Cysto‐Colic View Formula for Urinary Bladder Volume Estimation AFAST and Its Target Organ Approach Recording AFAST Findings on Goal‐directed Templates Pearls and Pitfalls, The Final Say Quick Reference of Normals and Rules of Thumb References Further Reading Chapter Eight: POCUS: Liver and Gallbladder Introduction Ultrasound Settings and Positioning How to Perform the POCUS Liver and Gallbladder Examination Ultrasonographic Findings: Normal Liver and Gallbladder Clinical Significance and Implications of Abnormal Focused Liver and Gallbladder Findings Routine Add‐on of AFAST and Abdominal Fluid Scoring System (or Global FAST) Pearls and Pitfalls, The Final Say Quick Reference of Normals and Rules of Thumb References Further Reading Chapter Nine: POCUS: Spleen Introduction Patient Positioning and Probe Selection How to Perform the POCUS Spleen Ultrasonographic Findings in a Normal Spleen Clinical Significance and Implications of Abnormal Findings Routine Add‐on of AFAST and Its Abdominal Fluid Scoring System (or Global FAST) Pearls and Pitfalls, The Final Say Quick Reference of Normals and Rules of Thumb References Chapter Ten: POCUS: Kidney Introduction Patient Positioning and Probe Selection Patient Preparation How to Perform the POCUS Kidney Ultrasonographic Findings in a Normal Kidney Routine Add‐on of AFAST and Its Abdominal Fluid Scoring System Pearls and Pitfalls, The Final Say Quick Reference of Normals and Rules of Thumb References Further Reading Chapter Eleven: POCUS: Urinary Bladder Introduction Patient Positioning and Probe Selection How to do POCUS Urinary Bladder Ultrasonographic Findings in a Normal Urinary Bladder Artifacts Associated with POCUS Urinary Bladder Clinical Significance and Implications of Abnormal POCUS Urinary Bladder Findings Routine Add‐on of AFAST and Its Abdominal Fluid Scoring System (or Global FAST) Pearls and Pitfalls, The Final Say Quick Reference of Normals and Rules of Thumb References Chapter Twelve: POCUS: Gastrointestinal Tract and Pancreas Introduction Patient Positioning and Probe Selection Scanning Technique POCUS GIT and Pancreas Findings and Their Significance Pearls, Pitfalls, The Final Say Quick Reference of Normals and Rules of Thumb References Further Reading
12 Section III: Reproductive and Pediatric Chapter Thirteen: POCUS: Reproductive – Male Introduction Reproductive Conditions of the Male The Prostate Scrotum and Testicles Pearls and Pitfalls, The Final Say Quick Reference of Normals and Rules of Thumb References Chapter Fourteen: POCUS: Reproductive – Female Introduction Reproductive Conditions of the Female Patient Positioning and Probe Selection Imaging the Normal Ovary Imaging the Normal Uterus Cystic Endometrial Hyperplasia‐Pyometra Uterine Torsion Mounting of Postoperative Recently In‐heat Spayed Females Pseudopregnancy Pregnancy Diagnosis Mammary Glands Pearls, Pitfalls, The Final Say Quick Reference of Normals and Rules of Thumb References Further Reading Chapter Fifteen: POCUS: Dystocia Introduction Dystocia Fetal Maturation: Imaging Puppies and Kittens In Utero Fetal Stress Serial POCUS Dystocia during Medical Management Pearls, Pitfalls, The Final Say Quick Reference of Normals and Rules of Thumb References Further Reading Chapter Sixteen: POCUS: Pediatrics Introduction Equipment Patient Preparation Ultrasound of the Normal Pediatric Abdomen Common Pediatric Abdominal Disorders Metabolic Conditions of the Pediatric Patient Pearls and Pitfalls, The Final Say References
13 Section IV: Thorax Chapter Seventeen: POCUS: TFAST – Introduction and Image Acquisition Introduction What Clinical Questions are Answered using TFAST TFAST and Its Five Acoustic Windows Peforming TFAST – General Set‐Up Performing the TFAST Chest Tube Site View Performing the TFAST Pericardial Views Performing the TFAST Diaphragmatico‐Hepatic View Summary of TFAST Views and Their Clinical Utility Recording TFAST Findings on Goal‐directed Templates Pearls and Pitfalls, The Final Say Quick Reference of Normals and Rules of Thumb References Chapter Eighteen: POCUS: TFAST – Clinical Integration Introduction Findings at the Chest Tube Site View Pericardial Effusion Pleural Effusion Additional Clinical Relevance of the DH View TFAST Echo Views The Global FAST Approach is Key to Averting Satisfaction of Search Error Recording TFAST Findings on Goal‐directed Templates Quick Reference of Normals and Rules of Thumb Pearls and Pitfalls, The Final Say References Chapter Nineteen: POCUS: Heart – Introduction and Image Acquisition Introduction Ultrasound Settings and Probe Preferences How to Perform a Focused Cardiac Ultrasound Pearls and Pitfalls, The Final Say Quick Reference of Normals and Rules of Thumb References Chapter Twenty: POCUS:Heart ‐ Abnormalitiesof Valves, Myocardium,and Great Vessels Introduction Valvular Heart Diseases Myocardial Diseases Cardiac Neoplasia Abnormalities of Great Vessels Cardiopulmonary Arrest Pearls and Pitfalls, The Final Say Quick Reference of Normals and Rules of Thumb References Chapter Twenty‐One: POCUS: Heart – Pericardial Effusion and Pericardiocentesis Introduction Pericardial Effusion Pericardiocentesis Pearls and Pitfalls, The Final Say Quick Reference of Normals and Rules of Thumb References Chapter Twenty‐Two: POCUS: Vet BLUE – Introduction and Image Acquisition Introduction Patient Preparation Patient Positioning Ultrasound Settings and Probe Preferences How to Do a Vet BLUE Exam Vet BLUE and Its Nine Acoustic Windows Performing the Vet BLUE Trouble Shooting Vet BLUE Six Lung Ultrasound Signs Comparison of Vet BLUE to Other Lung Ultrasound Protocols Recording Vet BLUE Findings on Goal‐directed Templates Pearls and Pitfalls, The Final Say Quick Reference of Normals and Rules of Thumb References Further Reading Chapter Twenty‐Three: POCUS: Vet BLUE – Clinical Integration Introduction What Vet BLUE Can Do Important Considerations and Limitations of Vet BLUE and Lung Ultrasound Vet BLUE Visual Lung Language Vet BLUE B‐line Scoring System Other B‐line Scoring Systems Six Signs‐Further Information Other Lines: Are They Really Lines? Clinical Use of Regional Pattern‐based Vet BLUE Approach Using the Vet BLUE “Wet Lung” versus “Dry Lung” Concept for Monitoring During Fluid Therapy Lung Contusions and Vet BLUE Pitfalls, False Negatives, False Positives, and Limitations Vet BLUE Examples Monitoring Applications for Vet BLUE The Future of Proactive Vet BLUE and Lung Ultrasound in Small Animals Recording Vet BLUE Findings on Goal‐Directed Templates Case Examples of Vet BLUE Advantage over Thoracic Radiography Pearls and Pitfalls, The Final Say Quick Reference of Normals and Rules of Thumb References
14 Section V: Vascular Chapter Twenty‐Four: POCUS: Central Venous and Arterial Catheterization Introduction Placement of an Ultrasound‐guided Central Venous Jugular Catheter How to Place an Ultrasound‐guided Central Venous Jugular Catheter Placement of Ultrasound‐guided Femoral Arterial Catheters and Sampling General Comments regarding Transverse versus Longitudinal Orientation How to Make a Realistic Practice Phantom Pearls and Pitfalls, The Final Say References Further Reading Chapter Twenty‐Five: POCUS: Vascular – Veins and Arteries Introduction Equipment, Materials, and General Preparation Venous and Arterial Thromboembolism Pearls and Pitfalls, The Final Say References Further Reading Chapter Twenty‐Six: POCUS: Caudal Vena Cava Introduction How to Do a POCUS Caudal Vena Cava The Three Methods for POCUS Caudal Vena Cava Image Acquisition and Measurements for POCUS Caudal Vena Cava Use of Allometric Scaling Formulas for CVC Assessment Integration of POCUS CVC Findings Inherent Differences Between Volume Status in People and Small Animals Pearls and Pitfalls, The Final Say References Further Reading
15 Section VI: Ocular, Neurological, and Musculoskeletal Chapter Twenty‐Seven: POCUS: Eye Introduction Ultrasound Settings Patient Eye Preparation How to do the POCUS Eye Ultrasonographic Findings in a Normal Eye Clinical Significance and Implications of Abnormal Findings Pearls and Pitfalls, The Final Say References Further Reading Chapter Twenty‐Eight: POCUS: Brain – Image Acquisition Introduction Ultrasonographic Anatomy Pearls and Pitfalls, The Final Say References Further Reading Chapter Twenty‐Nine: POCUS: Brain – Clinical Integration Introduction How to do POCUS Brain Sonographic Features of Traumatic Brain Injury from Trauma Sonographic Features of Brain Pathology from Nontrauma Pearls and Pitfalls, The Final Say References Chapter Thirty: POCUS: Nerve Blocks – Forelimb Introduction How to Perform POCUS Nerve Blocks – Forelimb Ultrasound‐guided Brachial Plexus: Paravertebral Approach Ultrasound‐guided Brachial Plexus Block through a Subscalene Approach Ultrasound‐guided Brachial Plexus Block through an Axillary Approach Ultrasound‐guided Radial, Ulnar, Median, and Musculocutaneous (RUMM) Nerve Block Pearls and Pitfalls, The Final Say References Further Reading Chapter Thirty‐One: POCUS: Nerve Blocks – Pelvic Limb Introduction How to Perform POCUS Nerve Blocks – Pelvic Limb Ultrasound‐guided Femoral Nerve Block in the Psoas Compartment Ultrasound‐guided Femoral Nerve Block in the Inguinal Region Ultrasound‐guided Saphenous Nerve Block in the Distal Thigh Region Ultrasound‐guided Sciatic Nerve Block Ultrasound‐guided Sciatic Nerve Block in the Lateral Thigh Region Pearls and Pitfalls, The Final Say References Further Reading Chapter Thirty‐Two: POCUS: Nerve Blocks – Trunk Introduction Ultrasound‐guided Thoracic and Abdominal Wall Blocks Ultrasound‐guided Thoracic Paravertebral Block Ultrasound‐guided Intercostal Block Ultrasound‐guided Transversus Abdominis Plane Block Pearls and Pitfalls, The Final Say References Further Reading Chapter Thirty‐Three: POCUS: Nerve Blocks – Neuroaxial Introduction Sonoanatomy of the Spine Longitudinal Ultrasound Scan of the Lumbosacral Area Transverse Ultrasound Scan of the Lumbosacral Area Longitudinal Scan of the Thoracolumbar Area Ultrasound‐guided Intrathecal Approach Ultrasound Signs of Epidural/Intrathecal Injection Pearls and Pitfalls, The Final Say References Chapter Thirty‐Four: POCUS: Musculoskeletal – Soft Tissue Introduction Equipment and Settings for POCUS Musculoskeletal – Soft Tissue Patient Preparation How To Do the POCUS Musculoskeletal – Soft Tissue Ultrasonographic Findings of Common Soft Tissue Structures Common Soft Tissue Lesions Abdominal Wall Injury or Hernia Neoplasia of Superficial Structures Pearls and Pitfalls, The Final Say References & Further Reading Chapter Thirty‐Five: POCUS: Musculoskeletal – Bones and Joints Introduction Equipment and Settings Minimizing MSK‐related Artifacts Ultrasonographic Findings in the Normal Bone, Muscle, and Tendon Ultrasonographic Findings in Diseased Bone, Muscle, and Tendon Pearls and Pitfalls, The Final Say References Further Reading
16 Section VII: Monitoring and Surveillance Chapter Thirty‐Six: POCUS: Global FAST – Patient Monitoring and Staging Introduction Ultrasound Settings, Probe Preferences, Patient Positioning, and Preparation Global FAST for Patient Monitoring Global FAST for Staging Disease – Localized Versus Disseminated Disease Global FAST Approach Case Examples Global FAST for Urinary Obstruction and Renal Failure Global FAST for Pulmonary Thromboembolism Global FAST and Anesthesia Use of Global FAST as Geriatric Health Screening Global FAST and Saving Images Pearls and Pitfalls, The Final Say References Chapter Thirty‐Seven: POCUS: Global FAST – Rapidly Detecting Treatable Forms of Shock, Advanced Life Support, and Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Introduction Ultrasound Settings, Probe Preferences, and Patient Positioning and Preparation How to Do Global FAST The Hs Covered by Global FAST The Ts Covered by Global FAST Comparison of Global FAST and the RUSH Examination Global FAST for Rapidly Detecting Treatable Forms of Shock Final Comments on the Global FAST Approach Global FAST and Saving Images Global FAST and Goal‐Directed Templates Global FAST for Advanced Life Support and Patient Management Pearls and Pitfalls, The Final Say References Chapter Thirty‐Eight: POCUS: VetFAST‐ABCDE Introduction Ultrasound Settings, Probe Preferences, and Patient Positioning How to do the POCUS: VetFAST‐ABCDE Exam Clinical Significance and Implications of Abnormal VetFAST‐ABCDE Exam Findings Ultrasound‐Guided and ‐Assisted Procedures POCUS: VetFAST‐ABCDE in Shock Syndrome, CPR, and ALS Pearls and Pitfalls, The Final Say References
17 Section VIII: Felines and Exotic Species Chapter Thirty‐Nine: POCUS: Feline Differences – Abdomen and Thorax Introduction Feline Abdomen Feline Thorax – TFAST and Vet BLUE Performing Global FAST in a Cat Goal‐Directed Templates Pearls and Pitfalls, The Final Say References Further Reading Chapter Fourty: POCUS: Exotic Companion Mammals Introduction Anatomy Patient Positioning and Probe Selection Imaging the Normal Exotic Companion Mammal POCUS‐Detected Conditions Normal Reference Ranges for Various Exotic Companion Mammals Pearls and Pitfalls, The Final Say References Chapter Fourty‐One: POCUS: Marine Mammals Introduction Equipment, Probe Type, and Settings Environment, Machine, and Sonographer Location Patient Positioning, Restraint, and Breathing The Global FAST Examination Pitfalls – Probe Positioning and Orientation Most Efficient Ways to Perform Global FAST Other POCUS – Venipuncture, Thyroids, Testicles, Eyes, and Fetus Global FAST Goal‐Directed Template Pearls and Pitfalls, The Final Say Acknowledgments References Further Reading Chapter Fourty‐Two: POCUS: Birds and Reptiles Introduction Avian Reptile FAST Ultrasound in Birds and Reptiles Pearls and Pitfalls, The Final Say References
18 Section IX: Ultrasound-Guided Procedures Chapter Fourty‐Three: POCUS: Ultrasound‐Guided Procedures – Abdominocentesis, Thoracocentesis, and Pericardiocentesis Introduction Pericardiocentesis Thoracocentesis Abdominocentesis Modified Ultrasound‐guided Diagnostic Peritoneal Lavage Pearls and Pitfalls, The Final Say References Further Reading Chapter Fourty‐Four: POCUS: Ultrasound‐Guided Lung and Thoracic Sampling Introduction Performing Ultrasound‐Guided Lung and Thoracic Sampling Two Methods of Ultrasound Guidance: Free‐hand and Using Probe Guides Building Skills on Phantoms Pearls and Pitfalls, The Final Say References Further Reading
19 Section X: Management Chapter Fourty‐Five: POCUS: Setting Up Successful POCUS and FAST Ultrasound Programs Introduction Proper Training Accessibility Communicating Value to Clients Use of Goal‐Directed Templates Quality Control Training Techniques Pearls and Pitfalls, The Final Say Reference Further Reading
20 Appendix I: Goal‐Directed Templates for Medical Records AFAST® POCUS – Liver and Gallbladder POCUS Spleen POCUS Kidney POCUS Urinary Bladder POCUS Reproductive Female – Uterus POCUS Reproductive Dystocia TFAST® Vet BLUE® – Simple Version Vet BLUE® – Detailed Version POCUS Echo (Heart) POCUS Pediatrics POCUS Eye Vet FAST‐ABCDE Global FAST® (GFASTSM)
21 Appendix II: Abbreviations, Terminology and Glossary Abbreviations and Acronyms Terminology and Glossary
22 Appendix III: Quick References of Normal Values and Rules of Thumb AFAST® Author’s Treatment and Monitoring Guidelines for Canine Anaphylaxis (AX) in All AFAST Fluid‐Positive Cases to Prevent and Treat AX‐related Heparin‐Induced Hemoabdomen POCUS Liver and Gallbladder POCUS Spleen POCUS Kidney POCUS Urinary Bladder POCUS Gastrointestinal and Pancreas POCUS Reproductive TFAST® Vet BLUE® POCUS Heart POCUS Caudal Vena Cava POCUS Pediatrics POCUS Felines POCUS Exotic Companion Mammals VetFAST‐ABCDE Exam POCUS Marine Mammals Global FAST® References and Further Reading
23 Index
