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1 Chapter 1Figure 1.1. The premise of FAST ultrasound – anechoic triangulations are abn...Figure 1.2. The figure shows the ultrasound differences in B‐mode gray scale...Figure 1.3. This figure is similar to Figure 1.2 but with some of the gray s...Figure 1.4. This figure is unlabeled and labeled for contrast of what tissue...Figure 1.5. Ultrasound and different tissues and elements. Schematic that ti...Figure 1.6. Longitudinal (sagittal) planes and orientation. Make the screen ...

2 Chapter 2Figure 2.1. Velocity (m/sec) of sound through common body tissues or substan...Figure 2.2. Acoustic impedance (106 kg/m2sec) of common body tissues or subs...Figure 2.3. Attenuation (db/cm/MHz) in common tissues. Attenuation of sound ...

3 Chapter 3Figure 3.1. Dirty and clean shadowing. (A) "Dirty shadowing" created by air,...Figure 3.2. Edge shadowing artifact. (A) An edge shadowing artifact is seen ...Figure 3.3. Acoustic enhancement artifact. Because there is less attenuation...Figure 3.4. Mirror artifact. The gallbladder appearing to be on both sides o...Figure 3.5. Reverberation artifact. (A) Reverberation artifact, also known a...Figure 3.6. Pseudo B‐lines. The B‐line artifact begins at the lung's p...Figure 3.7. Sediment versus side‐lobe and slice‐thickness artifact....

4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1. Longitudinal and transverse orientation shown on anatomical plan...Figure 4.2. Examples of image planes for the kidney. In (A) the kidney is sh...Figure 4.3. Standard ultrasound screen orientation, longitudinal (sagittal) ...Figure 4.4. Electronic ultrasound probes and their characteristic B‐mode ima...Figure 4.5. Angle of insonation. The angle at which the ultrasound beams str...Figure 4.6. Rocking. The position of the probe is not moved on the patient a...Figure 4.7. Fanning. The position of the probe is not moved on the patient a...Figure 4.8. Rotating. The probe remains on the same focal point of the patie...Figure 4.9. Sliding. The probe is moved across the body in the longitudinal ...Figure 4.10. Sweeping. The probe is moved across the body in the transverse ...Figure 4.11. Pressure/Compression. Neither the probe position on the body ...Figure 4.12. Labeling the image. The same image in (A) and (B) of a liver ma...Figure 4.13. Probe head damage. The damage to the surface of this probe was ...

5 Chapter 5Figure 5.1. Wet and part the hair. In (A) the area is wetted without parting...Figure 5.2. Air trapping. In (A) the probe head is placed on a wetted mat of...Figure 5.3. Best practice is the head of the patient and machine in the same...Figure 5.4. The helper hand and probe hand make a difference. In (A) the hel...Figure 5.5. Anatomy generally better recognized in longitudinal (sagittal) o...Figure 5.6. Short‐axis and long‐axis lines for echo views. If on...Figure 5.7. V trough your patient with your nonprobe helper hand. Your nonpr...Figure 5.8. When extending the foreleg, don’t touch the paw! Gently extend t...Figure 5.9. “Kickstand” your probe hand to prevent drifting. Hav...Figure 5.10. Paying attention to the direction of the beam. If the sonograph...Figure 5.11. Be aware of the probe marker. Every probe has a marker or notch...Figure 5.12. Focus cursor and depth. In (A) there are four focus cursors (up...Figure 5.13. Depth setting and the centimeter scale. The image is the same a...Figure 5.14. Splenic mass and estimating size from the centimeter scale. The...Figure 5.15. An algorithm for trouble shooting image acquisition with some c...Figure 5.16. Time gain compensation (sliders) and the overall gain (wheel). ...Figure 5.17. Slice‐thickness artifact at the AFAST CC view. (A) and (B...

6 Chapter 6Figure 6.1. AFAST on a dog in right and left lateral recumbency. In (A) AFAS...Figure 6.2. AFAST and its five views performed in right lateral recumbency i...Figure 6.3. AFAST and its five views performed in left lateral recumbency in...Figure 6.4. Modified lateral‐sternal recumbency. The AFAST views are p...Figure 6.5. Never use dorsal recumbency without doing a Global FAST to asses...Figure 6.6. Correlation of AFAST acoustic windows with a dog in right latera...Figure 6.7. Longitudinal orientation for AFAST. (A) Kidney in longitudinal o...Figure 6.8. The DH view in a dog. In (A) is shown where the probe is placed ...Figure 6.9. Images showing various anatomic features at the DH view. None of...Figure 6.10. Variety of typical positive studies at the DH view. In (A) free...Figure 6.11. The “cardiac bump” at the DH view. In (A) the apex ...Figure 6.12. Variety of typical CVC images with other relevant structures. (...Figure 6.13. Mirror image artifact at the DH view. Mirror image artifact occ...Figure 6.14. Showing B‐lines along the pulmonary‐diaphragmatic interface....Figure 6.15. Pitfalls at the DH view related to the gallbladder, hepatic ven...Figure 6.16. Additional examples of pitfalls at the DH view. (A) and (B) are...Figure 6.17. The SR view in a dog. In (A) is the external location where the...Figure 6.18. Examples of typical negative studies at the SR view. In (A) the...Figure 6.19. Examples of typical positive studies at the SR view. In (A) the...Figure 6.20. Edge shadowing artifact off the left kidney. (A) and (B) are th...Figure 6.21. Both kidneys in view at the SR view. In the cat and the small d...Figure 6.22. Pitfalls at the SR view and linear stripes are not free fluid. ...Figure 6.23. The CC view in a dog. In (A) the direction of the probe is show...Figure 6.24. Examples of typical negative studies at the CC view. In all the...Figure 6.25. Examples of typical positive studies at the CC view. In (A), (C...Figure 6.26. Relevant artifacts at the CC view. (A) A mirror image artifact ...Figure 6.27. Calculi versus intestinal tract. The sonographer will readily a...Figure 6.28. Various abnormal intraluminal urinary bladder findings. (A) An ...Figure 6.29. Pitfall of the thigh or a mass or other. In (A) and (B) are ide...Figure 6.30. HRU view in a dog. In (A) and (B) the direction of the probe is...Figure 6.31. Examples of typical negative studies at the HRU (SRU) view. The...Figure 6.32. Examples of typical positive studies at the HRU (SRU) view. In ...Figure 6.33. False positives at the HRU (SRU) view. In (A) and (C) are the a...Figure 6.34. HR5th view on a dog. In (A) two different approaches are shown ...Figure 6.35. AFAST‐focused spleen. The spleen represented by the banan...

7 Chapter 7Figure 7.1. AFAST‐applied abdominal fluid scoring system. Calculating ...Figure 7.2. The “measurement” modification of the AFAST‐applied abdominal fl...Figure 7.3. Modification of the AFAST‐applied AFS. The figure shows ho...Figure 7.4. AFAST‐applied AFS and the small‐volume versus large‐volume bleed...Figure 7.5. AFAST‐applied AFS system and the small volume versus large volum...Figure 7.6. Clotted blood adjacent to the left kidney at the SR view. In pen...Figure 7.7. Evaluating for blood flow of the left kidney at the (SR) view. I...Figure 7.8. Example in a cat using the modified AFS system. (A) AFAST in rig...Figure 7.9. Composite showing comparison of abdominal radiographic serosal d...Figure 7.10. Normal and edematous gallbladder wall and sonographic striation...Figure 7.11. Gallbladder wall edema in dogs with anaphylaxis. Three differen...Figure 7.12. Integrating gallbladder wall edema with characterization of the...Figure 7.13. The racetrack sign of PCE with integration of the CVC character...Figure 7.14. Relative positioning of gallbladder to diaphragm to caudal vena...Figure 7.15. Measurements at the AFAST CC view for estimating urinary bladde...Figure 7.16. AFAST goal‐directed template.

8 Chapter 8Figure 8.1. Comparative echogenicity of the liver to the cortex of the right...Figure 8.2. Liver margination and comparative echogenicity to the falciform ...Figure 8.3. Hepatic venous congestion. The differentiation between hepatic v...Figure 8.4. Normal gallbladder and variations. (A) The normal gallbladder wa...Figure 8.5. Nodular hyperplasia. (A) Small hyperplastic nodule as demarcated...Figure 8.6. Hepatic cyst and biliary cysts. (A) Hepatic cyst (arrow) with di...Figure 8.7. Various liver masses. Benign and malignant liver masses cannot b...Figure 8.8. Liver and splenic masses. The origin of large masses can be chal...Figure 8.9. Liver masses. (A) Image of a dog with target lesions of the hepa...Figure 8.10. Diffuse homogeneous hypoechoic and hyperechoic liver. (A) Hepat...Figure 8.11. Gallbladder wall abnormalities. (A) Thickened gallbladder wall ...Figure 8.12. Degrees of gallbladder sedimentation (sludge). (A) A mild amoun...Figure 8.13. Gallbladder stones or choleliths. (A) Two small choleliths in a...Figure 8.14. Gallbladder mucocele. (A) Gallbladder mucocele in a dog. Note t...Figure 8.15. Biliary tract distension. (A) Cat with bile duct tortuosity whi...

9 Chapter 9Figure 9.1. Normal splenic hilus. (A) The “Y” shape of the splenic vein, als...Figure 9.2. Subjective size evaluation of the spleen. Splenic enlargement as...Figure 9.3. Echogenicity of spleen relative to liver and cortex of kidney. (...Figure 9.4. Normal appearance of spleen. Spleen by itself showing its homoge...Figure 9.5. Splenomegaly. (A) Splenomegaly or splenic enlargement as evidenc...Figure 9.6. Splenomegaly with spleen extending to urinary bladder. This seve...Figure 9.7. Splenomegaly with normal echogenicity. Infectious diseases can c...Figure 9.8. Splenomegaly with splenic hyperechogenicity (brighter than norma...Figure 9.9. Splenomegaly with splenic hypoechogenicity (darker than normal).Figure 9.10. Splenic nodular hyperplasia and myelolipomas. (A–C) Examples of...Figure 9.11. Splenic hematomas and infarcts. (A) The spleen has a hypoechoic...Figure 9.12. Splenic hemangiosarcoma (HSA) and its variability. (A) A spleni...Figure 9.13. Target lesion. Target lesions suggest metastatic neoplasia and ...Figure 9.14. Lymphosarcoma (LSA). The “Swiss cheese” or “moth‐eaten” appeara...Figure 9.15. Splenic torsion parenchymal lesion. (A) Note the hypoechoic (da...Figure 9.16. Splenic torsion vascular lesion. (A) Image of the splenic hilus...Figure 9.17. Splenic thrombus. (A) The splenic vein near the hilus appearing...

10 Chapter 10Figure 10.1. Left and right kidneys and comparative echogenicity. (A,B) Imag...Figure 10.2. Basic normal renal ultrasonographic anatomy. The kidney is show...Figure 10.3. Normal kidney architecture. (A) Sagittal image of the left kidn...Figure 10.4. Assessing kidney size and symmetry. Normal size is established ...Figure 10.5. Hyperechoic kidneys and medullary rim sign. (A,B) Images from a...Figure 10.6. Various renal tumors. (A) Mass off the caudal pole of the kidne...Figure 10.7. Hematoma in a coagulopathic dog and a dog with a ruptured adren...Figure 10.8. Renal cysts and polycystic kidney disease. (A) Large renal cort...Figure 10.9. Renal cortical cysts and polycystic renal disease. (A) Renal co...Figure 10.10. Renal lymphosarcoma (LSA) and its variations. (A) and (B) illu...Figure 10.11. Nephroliths and dystrophic mineralization. (A) Patient with ob...Figure 10.12. Various degrees of pyelectasia. (A) Mild pyelectasia in a righ...Figure 10.13. Various degrees of hydronephrosis. Images (A–C) depict mild to...Figure 10.14. Renal infarcts. (A,B) Small renal infarcts. Infarcts are class...Figure 10.15. Acute kidney injury. Dog with a diagnosis of heat stroke 48 ho...

11 Chapter 11Figure 11.1. Normal urinary bladder and its wall. (A) A normal urine‐filled ...Figure 11.2. Normal ureteral papilla. (A) A linear probe ultrasound image sh...Figure 11.3. Colon shadowing compared to a bladder stone. (A) The air- and ...Figure 11.4. Examples of the variability of cystitis. (A) Irregular bladder ...Figure 11.5. Emphysematous cystitis. An uncommon form of bacterial cystitis ...Figure 11.6. Benign polyps. (A) An image using a linear probe of a classic b...Figure 11.7. Mural urinary bladder neoplasia. (A) Transitional cell carcinom...Figure 11.8. Bladder stones. (A) Multiple urinary bladder stones with a stro...Figure 11.9. Urinary bladder sediment and artifact. Shown is the same image ...Figure 11.10. Urinary bladder sediment and artifact. (A) Sediment is best ap...Figure 11.11. Intraluminal blood clot (thrombus). (A) Large echogenic to het...

12 Chapter 12Figure 12.1. Scanning the gastrointestinal tract. The zig‐zag scanning metho...Figure 12.2. Normal pancreas. (A) Normal right pancreatic limb in the sagitt...Figure 12.3. Pancreatitis. (A) Sagittal image of the right pancreatic limb i...Figure 12.4. Normal layering of small bowel. Normal image of adjacent loops ...Figure 12.5. Normal small bowel. Normal image of small bowel in the transver...Figure 12.6. Pyloric foreign body. Same patient as in Figure 12.4. Transvers...Figure 12.7. Additional examples of small bowel intestinal foreign bodies. (...Figure 12.8. Normal small bowel. Image of a normal duodenum with normal lumi...Figure 12.9. Corrugated small bowel. Sagittal image of a loop of small bowel...Figure 12.10. Plicated small bowel. Small bowel plication in a 3‐month‐old F...Figure 12.11. Plicated small bowel. Same patient as in Figure 12.10. Sagitta...Figure 12.12. Examples of small bowel corrugation. (A) Image of the small bo...Figure 12.13. Intussusception. Intussusception of the small bowel (jejuno‐je...Figure 12.14. Intussusception. Transverse image of a small intestinal intuss...Figure 12.15. Ruptured gastric ulcer and peritonitis. Images of the left cra...Figure 12.16. Intraperitoneal gas and the enhanced peritoneal stripe sign. I...Figure 12.17. Pancreatitis. (A) Image of an 8‐year‐old male neutered Yorkshi...

13 Chapter 13Figure 13.1. General male dog urogenital anatomy.Figure 13.2. Marking surgically sterilized animals. (A,B) Green‐colored tatt...Figure 13.3. Penile spines of the tom cat. Presence of the spines serves as ...Figure 13.4. The normal prostate gland in a castrated dog in the longitudina...Figure 13.5. Benign prostatic hypertrophy in the transverse plane. In (A) th...Figure 13.6. Normal canine testicle. The parenchyma is homogeneous and of me...Figure 13.7. Cryptorchidism. Shown in (A) and (B) is the same image unlabele...Figure 13.8. Orchitis in the dog. Orchitis may be unilateral as seen in this...Figure 13.9. ^{Epididymitis in the dog.} The head of the inflamed epididymis is...

14 Chapter 14Figure 14.1. Spay tattoo. Lime green tattoo scar indicating this female dog ...Figure 14.2. General female reproductive anatomy of the dog or cat.Figure 14.3. Scanning position to image the ovary. The probe is in longitudi...Figure 14.4. Normal canine ovary. (A) The normal ovary is isoechoic to surro...Figure 14.5. General scanning position with patient in dorsal recumbency and...Figure 14.6. Cervix, long axis. The uterus flares slightly at the junction w...Figure 14.7. Uterus, long axis. The canine uterus is the medium gray structu...Figure 14.8. Uterus, short axis. In this image, the uterus is seen in short ...Figure 14.9. Canine estrus uterus Note the thin, hyperechoic (white) line wi...Figure 14.10. Pyometra. (A) There is severe fluid distension of the uterine ...Figure 14.11. Gestational vesicles. The vesicles are visualized as spherical...Figure 14.12. Canine mammary neoplasia. The ultrasonographic appearance of m...

15 Chapter 15Figure 15.1. Lateral scanning of the bitch. Scanning the term bitch or queen...Figure 15.2. Fetal kidney. The fetal kidney develops recognizable corticomed...Figure 15.3. Fetal intestine. The fetal intestine is the last organ to devel...Figure 15.4. M‐mode of fetal heart rate. By using M‐mode, the sonograp...

16 Chapter 16Figure 16.1. Abdominal scanning. (A) Scanning the pediatric canine in a comf...Figure 16.2. Liver and pancreas. (A) Scanhead in sagittal for evaluation of ...Figure 16.3. Additional pancreas. (A) Pancreatic trapezoid created by the ca...Figure 16.4. Spleen and left kidney. (A) Normal spleen, splenic vein (SV). (...Figure 16.5. Left kidney. (A) Normal left kidney in transverse plane with no...Figure 16.6. Left adrenal gland and retroperitoneal structures. (A) Left adr...Figure 16.7. Prostate, testes, and uterus. (A) Pediatric prostate gland in s...Figure 16.8. Right adrenal and pancreas. (A) Sagittal image of right adrenal...Figure 16.9. Small intestine, mesenteric lymph nodes, and ascites. (A) Schem...Figure 16.10. (A) Echogenic ascites, likely representing an exudate, seen ad...Figure 16.11. (A) Linear foreign body producing plication of the small bowel...Figure 16.12. (A) Disrupted bowel wall (cursors) secondary to perforation. (...Figure 16.13. (A) Small bowel wall thickening and loss of normal layering (a...Figure 16.14. (A) Intercostal imaging in the pediatric canine. (B) Peritoneo...Figure 16.15. (A) Intercostal approach for imaging patients with a very smal...Figure 16.16. Examples of intrahepatic shunts. (A) Intrahepatic ductal porto...Figure 16.17. Hydrocephalus, imaging through open fontanelle. (A) Increased ...Figure 16.18. (A) Renal dysplasia; abnormal kidney structure; note loss of n...Figure 16.19. (A) Thickened urinary bladder wall (cursors) associated with c...Figure 16.20. (A) Patent urachus imaged sagittally at the apex of the bladde...

17 Chapter 17Figure 17.1. Air rises and fluid falls. Air rises (nongravity dependent) and...Figure 17.2. The five acoustic windows of TFAST in a standing dog. There is ...Figure 17.3. Most efficient way to perform the AFAST‐TFAST echo view blend i...Figure 17.4. AFAST‐TFAST blend with a dog in right modified lateral‐sternal ...Figure 17.5. The chest tube site view in standing and lateral recumbency in ...Figure 17.6. The “gator sign” and anatomy of the intercostal space....Figure 17.7. The “one‐eyed gator.” Unlabeled in (A) with a...Figure 17.8. Chest tube site and the caudodorsal transition zone (CdTZ). The...Figure 17.9. The “curtain sign” identifies the caudodorsal transition zone....Figure 17.10. Effect of gain on the chest tube site view. (A–C) Images of th...Figure 17.11. Angle of insonation for “lung sliding.” In (A) is ...Figure 17.12. Anatomy at the CTS view and the “gator sign” orientation. In (...Figure 17.13. Pitfall of lateral recumbency and being over the top of the th...Figure 17.14. Differences of the heart between left and right pericardial vi...Figure 17.15. TFAST echo views – too shallow a depth is dangerous. Thi...Figure 17.16. Finding the heart and short‐ and long‐axis lines. ...Figure 17.17. “TFAST slide” for pleural effusion from the left pericardial s...Figure 17.18. “TFAST slide” for pleural effusion from the right pericardial ...Figure 17.19. Knuckling the probe for short‐ and long‐axis right TFAST peric...Figure 17.20. Working the short‐axis TFAST echo lines. In (A) the prob...Figure 17.21. TFAST pericardial site echo views: rogue orientation, eyeballi...Figure 17.22. Right TFAST pericardial site short‐axis echo views: rogue orie...Figure 17.23. Right TFAST pericardial site short‐axis echo views: rogue orie...Figure 17.24. Long‐axis right TFAST pericardial site echo view in a standing...Figure 17.25. Rogue version of the TFAST pericardial site echo chart and its...Figure 17.26. Classic version of the TFAST pericardial site echo chart and i...Figure 17.27. Diaphragmatico‐hepatic view in a standing dog. In (A) th...

18 Chapter 18Figure 18.1. Dry aerated normal lung and pneumothorax. Shown in the top row ...Figure 18.2. Correlation of line drawings and B‐mode still image for B‐lines...Figure 18.3. Correlating images with pseudo B‐lines and overlays. In t...Figure 18.4. Pseudo pleural effusion from the gastric wall. Shown in (A) and...Figure 18.5. The “lung point” on a cross‐section of the thorax....Figure 18.6. The “lung point” with the finding of “lung sliding....Figure 18.7. Differences in positioning and the effect on the location of th...Figure 18.8. The “parking garage ‐ skyscraper effect” for the “lung point....Figure 18.9. Pneumothorax and the TFAST PTX 1/3s Rule. (A) Performing Vet BL...Figure 18.10. M‐mode findings correlated to line drawings and B‐mode images....Figure 18.11. Power Doppler for “lung sliding.” Shown in (A) is the us...Figure 18.12. Subcutaneous emphysema and probe pressure technique. In (A) is...Figure 18.13. Subcutaneous emphysema and its B‐mode appearance. (A) Ca...Figure 18.14. The “step sign.” The “step sign” is the loss of the expe...Figure 18.15. Anatomy of the heart and its right TFAST pericardial short‐axi...Figure 18.16. Right pericardial short‐axis views and their danger zone....Figure 18.17. Most reliable echo views for pericardial effusion. (A–D) show ...Figure 18.18. Imaging strategy for PCE is toward the muscular apex of the he...Figure 18.19. “One view is no view” – composite of multiple views for the ac...Figure 18.20. Integration of information in PCE and the presence and absence...Figure 18.21. Composite of images in a dog with a left atrial tear secondary...Figure 18.22. The “cardiac gallbladder” in a case series of dogs....Figure 18.23. The “cardiac gallbladder” in a cat. In rows (A) th...Figure 18.24. Composite of pleural effusion in a cat. Same images are shown ...Figure 18.25. Pitfall of pericardial FAST at the TFAST PCS views. In (A) and...Figure 18.26. Pitfall of pericardial fat. Shown is from the left TFAST PCS t...Figure 18.27. Hemothorax in a bluntly traumatized dog occult on thoracic rad...Figure 18.28. TFAST is better for patient care than the “flash” approach....Figure 18.29. Peritoneopericardial hernia detected during TFAST. The cat pre...Figure 18.30. Diaphragmatic hernia in a dog. The same concept in the cat in ...Figure 18.31. Composite of echo views from the right TFAST PCS view. The top...Figure 18.32. Composite for how TFAST echo views are a screening test for va...Figure 18.33. Composite of the TFAST echo views and expected normals and abn...Figure 18.34. TFAST goal‐directed template.

19 Chapter 19Figure 19.1. Dog on an echo table in right lateral recumbency with the sonog...Figure 19.2. A cat in sternal recumbency with a rolled‐up towel under the fo...Figure 19.3. Dog with transducer probe positioned on the right recumbent sid...Figure 19.4. Normal right parasternal short‐axis views at heart base optimiz...Figure 19.5. Normal M‐mode views of the left heart. (A) Normal M‐mode ...Figure 19.6. Dog with transducer probe positioned on the recumbent right sid...Figure 19.7. Dog with the probe positioned on the left hemithorax (nonrecumb...Figure 19.8. Normal two‐dimensional image of the left ventricular outflow tr...Figure 19.9. Dog positioned for subcostal views with the probe positioned ju...Figure 19.10. Subcostal view of fluctuations of caudal vena cava diameter du...

20 Chapter 20Figure 20.1. Right parasternal long‐axis view of severe left atrial enlargem...Figure 20.2. Right parasternal short‐axis view of severe left atrial enlarge...Figure 20.3. Right parasternal long‐axis view of the left ventricular outflo...Figure 20.4. Canine dilated cardiomyopathy. (A) Right parasternal long‐axis ...Figure 20.5. Feline hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Right parasternal short‐axi...Figure 20.6. Feline hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and its complications. Right...Figure 20.7. Large right atrial tumor and pericardial effusion in a dog. Rig...Figure 20.8. Large heart base tumor, likely a chemodectoma, in a dog with pe...Figure 20.9. Canine pulmonary hypertension. (A) Right parasternal short axis...Figure 20.10. Subcostal view of severe caudal vena caval and hepatic venous ...Figure 20.11. Subcostal view of fluctuations of the caudal vena caval diamet...

21 Chapter 21Figure 21.1. Right parasternal short‐axis view of pericardial effusion in a ...Figure 21.2. Subxiphoid (or diaphragmatic hepatic) view of pericardial effus...Figure 21.3. Cardiac tamponade, right atrial tumor, and heart base tumor. (A...Figure 21.4. Right atrial mass (probable hemangiosarcoma) in a dog with peri...Figure 21.5. Left atrial tear in a dog with advanced degenerative mitral val...Figure 21.6. Ultrasound‐assisted pericardiocentesis in a dog. (A) Afte...

22 Chapter 22Figure 22.1. Vet BLUE performed in standing showing correlation with lung re...Figure 22.2. Gator sign orientation externally on a dog. Shown in (A) is the...Figure 22.3. Gator sign orientation on B‐mode. The “gator sign” orient...Figure 22.4. Depth and proportionality. Depth is generally set at 4–8 cm (up...Figure 22.5. Difference in appearance of longitudinal versus transverse orie...Figure 22.6. Optimizing the image – gain, depth, and focus cursor. Maj...Figure 22.7. The effect of angle of insonation and lung ultrasound artifacts...Figure 22.8. Imaging the “lung line” and angle of insonation. (A...Figure 22.9. Caudodorsal transition zone depicted radiographically. All imag...Figure 22.10. Caudodorsal transition zone on B‐mode and “curtain sign....Figure 22.11. Left‐sided Vet BLUE views. The lateral thoracic radiogra...Figure 22.12. Right‐sided Vet BLUE views. The lateral thoracic radiogr...Figure 22.13. The cranial transition zone. The top image shows Vet BLUE on a...Figure 22.14. Vet BLUE DH view. The view is shown without (A) and with (B) t...Figure 22.15. Determining and following the Vet BLUE line. In (A) and (C) th...Figure 22.16. Vet BLUE protocol and its three intercostal spaces. In (A) and...Figure 22.17. Boundaries of lung. The boundaries of lung are correlated to t...Figure 22.18. Ribs versus costochondral junction. (A–C) Images from the same...Figure 22.19. Subcutaneous emphysema. Shown in (A) is radiographically evide...Figure 22.20. Wet Versus dry lung. Shown in (A) and (B) are a line drawing o...Figure 22.21. B‐lines previously referred to as ultrasound lung rockets....Figure 22.22. Vet BLUE B‐line scoring system. Numbers of B‐lines have ...Figure 22.23. Composite of three different published lung ultrasound formats...

23 Chapter 23Figure 23.1. Lung pathology must touch the lung line to be detected. Simple ...Figure 23.2. Vet BLUE six lung ultrasound signs. The Vet BLUE visual lung la...Figure 23.3. “Wet” versus “dry lung.” (A,B) Line drawings ...Figure 23.4. B‐lines also referred to as ultrasound lung rockets. Exam...Figure 23.5. “Dry lung” – A‐lines with “lung sliding....Figure 23.6. Pneumothorax – A‐lines with absent “lung sliding....Figure 23.7. “Wet lung” – B‐lines. Correlative image...Figure 23.8. Shred sign – air bronchogram, consolidation with aeration....Figure 23.9. Tissue sign – hepatization, consolidation without aeration....Figure 23.10. Nodule sign. Correlative images of (A) line drawing of the nod...Figure 23.11. Wedge sign. Correlative images of (A) line drawing of the wedg...Figure 23.12. “Dry lung” – A‐lines and “lung sliding....Figure 23.13. “Wet lung” – B‐lines most commonly a result of fluid next to a...Figure 23.14. Vet BLUE B‐line scoring system. Numbers of B‐lines corre...Figure 23.15. Examples of how to score each regional Vet BLUE view by maximu...Figure 23.16. Vet BLUE B‐line scoring system. Line drawings in row (A)...Figure 23.17. Vet BLUE B‐line scoring system compared to the Volpicelli Stro...Figure 23.18. Example of an abnormal Vet BLUE considered negative by the Vol...Figure 23.19. Line Drawings and overlays of the six Vet BLUE lung ultrasound...Figure 23.20. Caudodorsal transition zone (CdTZ). The curtain sign is the te...Figure 23.21. Lung pathology during Vet BLUE at the DH view. (A–C) Various d...Figure 23.22. How the lung ultrasound line system lacks illustrative purpose...Figure 23.23. Hitches and blips. Lung ultrasound is extremely sensitive for ...Figure 23.24. Vet BLUE profiles using its regional pattern‐based approach....Figure 23.25. “Dry lung” All Vet BLUE Views also called Absent B‐lines All (...Figure 23.26. Examples of Vet BLUE left‐sided congestive heart failure profi...Figure 23.27. Use of the Vet BLUE B‐line scoring system for guiding loop diu...Figure 23.28. Examples of Vet BLUE noncardiogenic lung edema profile. Latera...Figure 23.29. Examples of Vet BLUE pneumonia profile. Lateral thoracic radio...Figure 23.30. Vet BLUE severity scoring of lung contusions. As with assessin...Figure 23.31. Comparative imaging of Vet BLUE, TXR, and CT. Shown in the top...Figure 23.32. Coughing dog post anesthesia event. This heart disease (class ...Figure 23.33. Respiratory distress feline. (A) The Vet BLUE profile is “Dry ...Figure 23.34. Aspiration pneumonia detected on Vet BLUE over thoracic radiog...Figure 23.35. Old dog lungs. The “old dog lungs” on three‐view radiography (...Figure 23.36. Fungal granulomas easily detected on Vet BLUE missed on thorac...Figure 23.37. Primary lung lobe mass versus disseminated lung disease. The t...

24 Chapter 24Figure 24.1. Sterile probe preparation. Sterile probe preparation using a st...Figure 24.2. Compression technique to discriminate jugular vein from carotid...Figure 24.3. Ultrasound‐guided central line placement. Longitudinal vi...Figure 24.4. Ultrasound‐guided central line placement. (A) Transverse ...Figure 24.5. Probe head damage. Probe head damaged by chronic needling durin...Figure 24.6. Changing probe angle. Changing the probe angle until the target...Figure 24.7. Transverse orientation. Transverse placement of the ultrasound ...Figure 24.8. Ultrasound‐guided needle location. Transverse view showin...Figure 24.9. Femoral artery catheterization. (A) Orientation of the ultrasou...Figure 24.10. Compression technique for differentiating femoral vein from fe...Figure 24.11. Longitudinal orientation. Longitudinal ultrasound image for th...Figure 24.12. Chicken breast phantom supplies. Layout of most key items for ...Figure 24.13. Chicken breast model assembly part I. Fluid‐filled modeling ba...Figure 24.14. Chicken breast model assembly part II. Chicken breasts and bal...

25 Chapter 25Figure 25.1. Compression technique. The use of compression with the probe he...Figure 25.2. Optimizing color flow Doppler. Changes achieved by lowering the...Figure 25.3. Transverse (short‐axis) and longitudinal (long‐axis) orientatio...Figure 25.4. Slice‐thickness artifact and correlation between short‐axis/tra...Figure 25.5. Arterial thromboembolism comparing B‐mode to color flow Doppler...Figure 25.6. Thrombus associated with an adrenal tumor in a dog. The thrombu...Figure 25.7. Splenic venous thrombosis in a dog. (A) Abdominal ultrasound im...Figure 25.8. Femoral vein and artery at the AFAST cysto‐colic view in a dog....Figure 25.9. Aortic thrombosis in a dog. Shown is the aortic thrombus in bot...Figure 25.10. Aortic thromboembolism in a cat. The application of color flow...

26 Chapter 26Figure 26.1. Subxiphoid CVC view in a healthy dog. The probe is placed longi...Figure 26.2. Hepatic CVC view at the porta hepatis of a healthy dog. To loca...Figure 26.3. Paralumbar CVC view with both longitudinal (A) and transverse (...Figure 26.4. Probe placement and measurement for evaluation of the subxiphoi...Figure 26.5. Probe placement and measurements for evaluation of the intercos...Figure 26.6. Probe placement and measurements for evaluation of the paralumb...

27 Chapter 27Figure 27.1. Corneal opacity. Various types of corneal opacity can make dire...Figure 27.2. Opacities in the anterior chamber. Various types of pathology c...Figure 27.3. Ocular opacities. Structural opacities in the eye can prevent d...Figure 27.4. The bulging eye. Exophthalmos and buphthalmos can clinically lo...Figure 27.5. Ocular ultrasound setup. An assistant should hold the patient i...Figure 27.6. Probe with aqueous‐based gel. Do not use alcohol‐based ge...Figure 27.7. Vertical probe position. The initial view should be with the pr...Figure 27.8. Horizontal probe position. This view divides the globe into upp...Figure 27.9. Lateral probe position. This view places the probe so that it d...Figure 27.10. Probe position from behind orbital ligament. If possible, palp...Figure 27.11. Normal ocular anatomy and ultrasound. (A) Illustration of norm...Figure 27.12. Optic nerve and optic nerve sheath diameter. Transpalpebral ul...Figure 27.13. Shallow anterior chamber. (A) Shows an eye with a shallow ante...Figure 27.14. Anterior lens luxation. This 3‐year‐old Jack Russell terrier p...Figure 27.15. Anterior lens luxation. The lens, highlighted by its relativel...Figure 27.16. Aphakic crescent. This illustrates the clinical appearance of ...Figure 27.17. Posterior lens luxation. In this eye with chronic glaucoma and...Figure 27.18. Retinal detachments. (A) Note the curvilinear bright line in a...Figure 27.19. Anterior chamber mass in a dog. (A) The left eye of this 9‐yea...Figure 27.20. Anterior chamber mass in a cat. (A) In this adult cat, the lat...Figure 27.21. Posterior segment mass in a dog. In this 7‐year‐old mixed‐bree...Figure 27.22. Optic nerve and asteroid hyalosis. Asteroid hyalosis, a common...Figure 27.23. Measuring globe size. The probe has been placed so that the ma...Figure 27.24. Retrobulbar mass/exophthalmos. (A) This 10‐year‐old cat has ha...Figure 27.25. Traumatic globe rupture in a dog. This unfortunate dog had bee...Figure 27.26. Globe trauma in an outdoor cat. This 3‐year‐old male Abyssinia...

28 Chapter 28Figure 28.1. Temporal acoustic window – for dorsal planes. Middle dors...Figure 28.2. Temporal acoustic window – fanning lateral for oblique dorsal p...Figure 28.3. Temporal acoustic window – fanning dorsal to ventral. Obl...Figure 28.4. Temporal acoustic window – oblique dorsal planes. Oblique...Figure 28.5. Temporal acoustic window. Oblique dorsal caudal plane (temporal...Figure 28.6. Temporal acoustic window. Oblique dorsal caudal plane (temporal...Figure 28.7. Temporal acoustic window. Oblique dorsal caudal plane (temporal...Figure 28.8. Temporal acoustic window. Oblique dorsal cranial plane (tempora...Figure 28.9. Temporal acoustic window. Oblique dorsal cranial plane (tempora...Figure 28.10. Temporal acoustic window. Oblique dorsal cranial plane (tempor...Figure 28.11. Temporal acoustic window. Oblique dorsal cranial plane (tempor...Figure 28.12. Temporal acoustic window. Oblique dorsal cranial plane (tempor...Figure 28.13. Temporal acoustic window. Oblique dorsal cranial plane (tempor...Figure 28.14. Subocciptal acoustic window. Sagittal plane of image (occipita...Figure 28.15. Subocciptal acoustic window. Dorsal plane of image (occipital ...Figure 28.16. Subocciptal acoustic window. Oblique dorsal plane of image (oc...Figure 28.17. Rostral acoustic window. Sagittal plane from rostral window sh...Figure 28.18. Rostral acoustic window. Sagittal plane rostral window, with c...Figure 28.19. Rostral acoustic window. Sagittal oblique lateral plane from r...Figure 28.20. Rostral acoustic window. Sagittal (more) oblique lateral plane...Figure 28.21. Rostral acoustic window. Transverse plane, with comparative li...Figure 28.22. Rostral acoustic window. Transverse plane fanning rostral, wit...Figure 28.23. Rostral acoustic window. Transverse plane fanning caudal, with...Figure 28.24. Rostral acoustic window. Transverse plane fanning more caudall...Figure 28.25. Rostral acoustic window. Transverse plane fanning more caudall...

29 Chapter 29Figure 29.1. Image acquisition at the rostral acoustic window – transverse p...Figure 29.2. Image acquisition at the rostral acoustic window – sagittal pla...Figure 29.3. Image acquisition at the temporal acoustic window. Pictures and...Figure 29.4. Image acquisition at the suboccipital acoustic window. (A) Pict...Figure 29.5. Landmarks at the bregmatic fontanelle and subocciptal acoustic ...Figure 29.6. Color flow Doppler mapping of vertebrobasilar system obtained a...Figure 29.7. Cerebral arterial circle on canine brain. Showing the cerebral ...Figure 29.8. Triplex Doppler with a spectral image. Triplex Doppler with a s...Figure 29.9. Triplex Doppler with a spectral image. Triplex Doppler with a s...Figure 29.10. Epidural and subdural hematomas. Sagittal plane obtained at th...Figure 29.11. Intraventricular hemorrhage. Comparative gross, B‐mode, and li...Figure 29.12. Intraparenchymal hemorrhage cases. (A) Sagittal plane at the o...Figure 29.13. Skull fracture. (A) Transverse plane at the rostral acoustic w...Figure 29.14. Intracranial mass lesion. (A) Focal lesion causing a mass effe...Figure 29.15. Ventriculomegaly. Transverse plane at the rostral window in (A...Figure 29.16. Hydrocephaly. Pulsed Doppler of right (A) and left (B) middle ...Figure 29.17. Intracranial space‐occupying lesion. Dorsal plane at tra...Figure 29.18. Granulomatous meningoencephalitis (GME). Dorsal oblique planes...

30 Chapter 30Figure 30.1. Paravertebral approach. Insertion of the needle to perform a bl...Figure 30.2. Paravertebral approach. The acoustic window shows the C6–7 para...Figure 30.3. Paravertebral approach. Schematic illustration of the structure...Figure 30.4. Paravertebral approach. The acoustic window shows the C8–T1 ner...Figure 30.5. Paravertebral approach. Schematic illustration of the structure...Figure 30.6. Subscalenus approach. Dog positioned for subscalene block of th...Figure 30.7. Subscalenus approach. The acoustic window shows the ventral bra...Figure 30.8. Subscalenus approach. Schematic illustration of the structures ...Figure 30.9. Axillary approach. Ultrasound‐guided axillary plexus block bein...Figure 30.10. Axillary approach. Ultrasound image of the axillary space, per...Figure 30.11. Axillary approach. Schematic view of the structures present in...Figure 30.12. Brachial anatomy. Transverse view of the forelimb at the middl...Figure 30.13. Brachial anatomy. Schematic illustration of Figure 30.12. SP, ...Figure 30.14. RUMM block. Linear probe placement for radial nerve visualizat...Figure 30.15. RUMM block. The acoustic window shows the lateral aspect of th...Figure 30.16. RUMM block. Schematic illustration of structures present in Fi...Figure 30.17. RUMM block. Ultrasound probe placement to allow visualization ...Figure 30.18. RUMM block. The acoustic window shows the medial aspect of the...Figure 30.19. RUMM block. Schematic representation of structures present in ...

31 Chapter 31Figure 31.1. Dog positioned in lateral recumbency with the limb to be blocke...Figure 31.2. Ultrasound image of the sublumbar region at the level of L7 obt...Figure 31.3. Schematic illustration of the structures present in Figure 31.2Figure 31.4. Position of the linear transducer to visualize the femoral nerv...Figure 31.5. Ultrasound view of the inguinal region, obtained with a linear ...Figure 31.6. Schematic illustration of the structures present in Figure 31.5Figure 31.7. Dog positioned in lateral recumbency for the ultrasound‐guided ...Figure 31.8. Acoustic window of the inguinal region obtained with a linear p...Figure 31.9. Schematic representation of the structures presented in Figure ...Figure 31.10. Dog positioned in lateral recumbency for a lumbosacral trunk b...Figure 31.11. Acoustic window obtained with a linear probe positioned over t...Figure 31.12. Schematic representation of the structures presented in Figure...Figure 31.13. Dog positioned in lateral recumbency for an ultrasound‐guided ...Figure 31.14. Acoustic window obtained with a linear probe positioned distal...Figure 31.15. Schematic representation of the structures presented in Figure...Figure 31.16. Acoustic window obtained with a linear transducer positioned d...

32 Chapter 32Figure 32.1. Truncal anatomy. Schematic of the components of the paravertebr...Figure 32.2. Thoracic paravertebral block. Dog positioned in sternal recumbe...Figure 32.3. Thoracic paravertebral block. Acoustic window of the thoracic p...Figure 32.4. Thoracic paravertebral block. Schematic illustration of the str...Figure 32.5. Intercostal block. Dog positioned in lateral recumbency for an ...Figure 32.6. Intercostal block. Acoustic window of the intercostal space obt...Figure 32.7. Intercostal block. Schematic illustration of the structures pre...Figure 32.8. Transverse abdominal plane (TAP) block. Dog positioned in dorsa...Figure 32.9. Transversus abdomins plane (TAP) block. Acoustic window of the ...Figure 32.10. Transversus abdomins plane (TAP) block. Acoustic window of the...

33 Chapter 33Figure 33.1. Dog positioned in sternal recumbency for a longitudinal ultraso...Figure 33.2. Water‐based phantom and sonograms of the L7 and sacrum spinous ...Figure 33.3. Acoustic window of an oblique parasagittal view, at the level o...Figure 33.4. Dog positioned in sternal recumbency for a transverse ultrasoun...Figure 33.5. Water‐based phantom and simplified sonogram of the LS intervert...Figure 33.6. Acoustic window of a transverse section at the level of the LS ...Figure 33.7. Dog positioned in sternal recumbency for a longitudinal ultraso...Figure 33.8. Water‐based phantom and sonograms of the L1–2 intervertebral sp...Figure 33.9. Acoustic window of an oblique parasagittal section, at the leve...Figure 33.10. Ultrasound‐guided LS epidural approach. The needle is ad...Figure 33.11. Acoustic window of an oblique parasagittal section, at the L1–...Figure 33.12. Ultrasound‐guided thoracolumbar approach. The needle is ...Figure 33.13. L5–6 ultrasound‐guided approach using a in‐plane technique....Figure 33.14. Acoustic window of an oblique parasagittal section, at the lev...Figure 33.15. Ultrasound‐guided intrathecal injection at the L5–6 interverte...Figure 33.16. Acoustic window obtained with a linear probe positioned over t...Figure 33.17. Acoustic window obtained with a linear probe positioned over t...Figure 33.18. Acoustic window obtained with a linear probe positioned over t...

34 Chapter 34Figure 34.1. Normal superficial ultrasound anatomy of the ventral abdominal ...Figure 34.2. Normal mandibular salivary gland and medial retropharyngeal lym...Figure 34.3. Cellulitis. (A,B) Classic ultrasound features of cellulitis as ...Figure 34.4. Cellulitis with suspected abscessation. (A) Longitudinal images...Figure 34.5. Features of a body wall seroma. (A–D) Longitudinal images of th...Figure 34.6. Abscess next to femur and its femoral surgical repair site. (A–...Figure 34.7. Abdominal wall abscess with fistula tract. Longitudinal image o...Figure 34.8. Grass awn foreign body with local abscess. In the subcutaneous ...Figure 34.9. Grass awn foreign body. (A) Longitudinal image of the soft tiss...Figure 34.10. Mandibular sialadenitis. Longitudinal images of the right (A) ...Figure 34.11. Mandibular sialocele. Longitudinal image of the left mandibula...Figure 34.12. Zygomatic sialocele with severe dilation of the salivary duct.Figure 34.13. Suspected mandibular salivary gland rupture secondary to blunt...Figure 34.14. Inguinal hernia. (A) External view of the inguinal region of a...Figure 34.15. Inguinal hernia with displacement and vascular impairment of a...Figure 34.16. Subcutaneous lipoma. In the subcutaneous tissue at the caudal ...Figure 34.17. Subcutaneous hemangiosarcoma left tibia. (A,B) Longitudinal im...

35 Chapter 35Figure 35.1. Stand‐off pad. (A) A slip‐on stand‐off pad is used to eva...Figure 35.2. Normal biceps tendon. Longitudinal images of the biceps tendon ...Figure 35.3. Normal and partially ruptured patellar ligament. (A) The normal...Figure 35.4. Normal and peripheral nerve sheath tumor of axillary nerve. Com...Figure 35.5. Normal cartilage and osteochondrosis of the caudal aspect of th...Figure 35.6. Skull imaging. Shown are probe placement in (A) and the corresp...Figure 35.7. Skull fractures with confirmatory skull radiograph. Same dog as...Figure 35.8. Long bone fracture. Acute, short oblique fracture of the distal...Figure 35.9. Fracture and healing. Acute short oblique fracture of the dista...Figure 35.10. Osteosarcoma of the humerus. Osteosarcoma of the humerus in a ...Figure 35.11. Osteosarcoma of the scapula. Pathological fracture of the neck...Figure 35.12. Pathological fracture of scapula. Pathological fracture of the...Figure 35.13. Rib fracture and abscess. Rib fracture and abscess in a 3‐mont...Figure 35.14. Semimembranosus muscle. Partial rupture of the semimembranosus...Figure 35.15. Biceps tenosynovitis. In both longitudinal (A) and transverse ...Figure 35.16. Supraspinatus tendinopathy. (A) Longitudinal and (B) transvers...Figure 35.17. Avulsion fracture of the supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula ...Figure 35.18. Partial Achilles tendon rupture. Longitudinal ultrasound image...Figure 35.19. Neuritis and regional muscle atrophy. A 9‐year‐old Portuguese ...Figure 35.20. Benign, chronic, degenerative muscle mass. Four longitudinal u...

36 Chapter 36Figure 36.1. Occult low‐grade hemoabdomen in a dog. A 12‐year‐old, fem...Figure 36.2. Global FAST with low patient impact imaging with minimal restra...Figure 36.3. Global FAST standing position. Shown is an efficient manner in ...Figure 36.4. Global FAST standing position with movement to lateral for flui...Figure 36.5. Global FAST for patient monitoring and integration of its compo...Figure 36.6. Integrating TFAST echocardiography views with fallback views. I...Figure 36.7. Taking advantage of the Global FAST nonecho fallback views. Whe...Figure 36.8. Double‐checking TFAST echocardiography views with Global FAST n...Figure 36.9. Gallbladder wall edema and integrating information to increase ...Figure 36.10. Different locations for characterization of the CVC in dogs. S...Figure 36.11. Different methods for measuring the CVC at the FAST DH view. (...Figure 36.12 Limitations and errors in measuring the CVC in longitudinal pla...Figure 36.13. Measuring pleural effusion with illustrative line drawings of ...Figure 36.14. Measuring pericardial effusion with illustrative line drawings...Figure 36.15. Estimating urinary bladder volume. Measurements of the urinary...Figure 36.16. Estimating degree of pneumothorax and the TFAST PTX 1/3s Rule.Figure 36.17. The Vet BLUE B‐line scoring system. The amount of extrav...Figure 36.18. Questions asked during staging with Global FAST. (A,B) Overlay...Figure 36.19. Global FAST approach for hemoabdomen and splenic mass. Shown o...Figure 36.20. Global FAST approach for urinary bladder mass. Shown are overl...Figure 36.21. Global FAST approach for pericardial effusion. Shown are overl...Figure 36.22. Jack Russell terrier with prostatic adenocarcinoma. Global FAS...Figure 36.23. Dachshund named Tootsie with malignant melanoma removed during...Figure 36.24. Global FAST on a rat. The application of Global FAST may be tr...Figure 36.25. Global FAST goal‐directed templates. Examples of Global ...

37 Chapter 37Figure 37.1. Global FAST in lateral recumbency. When the patient presents in...Figure 37.2. Global FAST in standing (or sternal) positioning. When the pati...Figure 37.3. Proper right TFAST pericardial site view for short‐axis view....Figure 37.4. Characterization of the caudal vena cava. The use of the CVC an...Figure 37.5. Dilated cardiomyopathy. In (A) and (B) shown in still B‐mode im...Figure 37.6. Pulmonary hypertension. In (A), (D), and (G) thoracic radiograp...Figure 37.7. Tension pneumothorax and using the “lung point” and TFAST PTX 1...Figure 37.8. AFAST‐applied abdominal fluid scoring for the bleeding patient....Figure 37.9. Pulmonary thromboembolism. (A) B‐mode image of infinity (labele...Figure 37.10. Pulmonary thromboembolism in a dog with caval syndrome. This d...Figure 37.11. Pericardial effusion and its accurate diagnosis during TFAST. ...Figure 37.12. Pericardial effusion and cardiac tamponade. (A) Pericardial ef...Figure 37.13. Gallbladder wall edema and integrating information from the ca...

38 Chapter 38Figure 38.1. Upper airway evaluation using VetFAST‐ABCDE. (A) External...Figure 38.2. Endotracheal placement confirmation using ultrasound. (A) Dog i...Figure 38.3. Tracheal collapse. Ultrasonographic evaluation of tracheal coll...Figure 38.4. Lung ultrasound technique. Following the direction of the arrow...Figure 38.5. Finding the “lung point” for degree of pneumothorax, partial ve...Figures 38.6. Normal and abnormal appearances of pleura. (A) “Lung sliding” ...Figure 38.7. Probe orientation for heart views with the patient in standing ...Figure 38.8. Caudal vena cava and hepatic venous distension from volume over...Figure 38.9. Caudal vena cava assessment. (A) Probe orientation, with the pa...Figure 38.10. Probe positioning and orientation for optic nerve imaging for ...Figure 38.11. Tracheal injury. Tracheal rupture, laceration or other injury ...Figure 38.12. Longitudinal scan of the esophagus. In the caudal part of the ...Figure 38.13. Normal eye and some lesions associated with ocular trauma. (A)...

39 Chapter 39Figure 39.1. AFAST views and order in right and left lateral recumbency. The...Figure 39.2. Comparison of feline liver to adjacent falciform fat. The image...Figure 39.3. Differentiating hepatic from portal veins using color flow Dopp...Figure 39.4. The tortuous or looped bile duct of cats. The bile duct in the ...Figure 39.5. Differences in relative location of heart to diaphragm at the F...Figure 39.6. Gallbladder wall edema due to congestive heart failure – “cardi...Figure 39.7. Echogenicity of the feline spleen compared to the liver. In the...Figure 39.8. Differences in the splenic hilum. (A) The splenic hilum of the ...Figure 39.9. Differences in echogenicity with and without tissue harmonics. ...Figure 39.10. Renal anatomy and measuring its dimensions. (A,B) The basic an...Figure 39.11. Measuring the feline kidney length versus volumetric measureme...Figure 39.12. Echogenicity comparison of the feline kidney to the spleen. Th...Figure 39.13. Differentiating feline left from right kidney. In (A) the righ...Figure 39.14. Hydronephrosis. Shown in (A) unlabeled and in (B) labeled is d...Figure 39.15. Feline urethra. A normal feline abdominal urethra is shown in ...Figure 39.16. Feline and canine ovaries. (A) B‐mode still image of the canin...Figure 39.17. Uterus and cervix. (A) Transverse B‐mode image of the cervix (...Figure 39.18. Lipid droplets in cat urine. Longitudinal (sagittal) image of ...Figure 39.19. Urinary bladder volume estimation formula. How to acquire the ...Figure 39.20. Feline stomach and pyloric duodenal junction. (A) The pyloric ...Figure 39.21. Feline pancreas. (A) Normal regional anatomy when locating the...Figure 39.22. Small intestine. Normal longitudinal B‐mode image of the small...Figure 39.23. Feline ileocecal colic junction. The ileocecal colic junction ...Figure 39.24. AFAST‐applied fluid scoring system in a cat positioned in righ...Figure 39.25. Modification of the feline AFAST‐applied abdominal fluid score...Figure 39.26. The AFAST‐applied fluid scoring system helps by semiquantitati...Figure 39.27. TFAST echo views expected normal ratios. Row (A) shows the vie...Figure 39.28. Safe positioning for cats. In hemodynamically fragile or respi...Figure 39.29. Different options for coupling medium in cats. Acoustic coupli...Figure 39.30. TFAST echo views and fallback views. TFAST echo views abnormal...Figure 39.31. TFAST and its acoustic windows. TFAST is a five‐view examinati...Figure 39.32. The “lung point” for semiquantitating and monitoring pneumotho...Figure 39.33. The feline Vet BLUE protocol. How to select the transthoracic ...Figure 39.34. Efficiently performing Global FAST in the cat. The Global FAST...

40 Chapter 40Figure 40.1. Dorsal recumbency positioning in a ferret. Positioning of a fer...Figure 40.2. Bladder stones in a ferret. Ultrasound image of two cystoliths ...Figure 40.3. Paraprostatic cyst in a ferret. Ultrasound image of a paraprost...Figure 40.4. Adrenal mass in a ferret. Ultrasound image of an enlarged right...Figure 40.5. Splenomegaly in a ferret. Ultrasound image of the enlarged sple...Figure 40.6. Splenic lymphoma in a ferret. Ultrasound image of a ferret (Mus...Figure 40.7 Mesenteric lymph node in a ferret. Two examples of enlarged mese...Figure 40.8. Cardiac images of a ferret. (A) Expected appearance of the shor...Figure 40.9. Bladder stone in a rabbit. Ultrasound image of a rabbit (Orycto...Figure 40.10. Liver lobe torsion in a rabbit. Ultrasound image of a liver lo...Figure 40.11. Uterine adenocarcinoma in a rabbit. Transverse ultrasound imag...Figure 40.12. Calcified midabdominal abscess in a rabbit. Ultrasound image o...Figure 40.13. Guinea pig ovarian cyst. Ultrasound examination of a guinea pi...Figure 40.14. Pyometra in a chinchilla. Enlarged uterus in a chinchilla (Chi...Figure 40.15. Hepatic cysts in a hamster. Ultrasound image of a hamster with...Figure 40.16 African pygmy hedgehog pyometra. Ultrasound image of an African...

41 Chapter 41Figure 41.1. Basic dolphin anatomy. Basic anatomical features of the male an...Figure 41.2. Viewing goggles, shading the screen, and machine set‐up. ...Figure 41.3. Different ways of scanning. Many environmental factors must be ...Figure 41.4. Comparison of a comfortable and a distressed dolphin. The dolph...Figure 41.5. Lateral and dorsal recumbency. Many dolphins are trained to rol...Figure 41.6. Overview of Global FAST on a female dolphin. In (A) simple line...Figure 41.7. Overview of Global FAST on a male dolphin. In (A) simple line d...Figure 41.8 The diaphragmatico‐hepatic view. In (A) the probe is place...Figure 41.9. The caudal vena cava and hepatic venous system at the DH view. ...Figure 41.10. Marginal lymph nodes. (A,B) The same figure labeled and unlabe...Figure 41.11. Marginal lymph nodes. (A) An overview of a necropsy showing th...Figure 41.12. Confounders at the DH view. In (A) the gastric complex (GC) ca...Figure 41.13. The spleno‐renal and hepato‐renal views. In (A) an...Figure 41.14. The spleno‐renal and hepato‐renal views and target organs....Figure 41.15. The cysto‐colic reproductive view. In (A) the external l...Figure 41.16. The umbilical view. In (A) the probe is placed in the region o...Figure 41.17. TFAST echo views. The acoustic windows for the TFAST echo view...Figure 41.18. “Gator sign” orientation and angle of insonation. ...Figure 41.19. Probe orientation for lung. The sonographer is demonstrating V...Figure 41.20. Transition zone of pleural and peritoneal cavities. The head o...Figure 41.21. Pitfalls. In (A) is a nice image with adequate depth (11 cm) a...Figure 41.22. B‐lines and comet‐tail artifacts. B‐lines are vert...Figure 41.23. Comparison of the zig‐zag continuum and Vet BLUE and how lung ...Figure 41.24. Example of a Global FAST goal‐directed template for recording ...

42 Chapter 42Figure 42.1. Simple line drawing of the most clinically relevant ultrasonogr...Figure 42.2. Probe placement and patient positioning. (A) Probe position in ...Figure 42.3. Ascites and coelomocentesis in a chicken. (A) The POCUS exam is...Figure 42.4. Cystic enlarged liver in a sun conure (Aratinga solstitialis). ...Figure 42.5. Findings involving the avian reproductive tract. (A) Image of a...Figure 42.6. Pericardial effusion due to pericarditis in a sun conure (Arati...Figure 42.7. Screech owl POCUS eye. This Eastern screech owl (Megascops asioFigure 42.8. Line drawings showing clinically relevant anatomy and probe pos...Figure 42.9. Various probe positions shown externally. (A) The coelomic ultr...Figure 42.10. Orientation planes using a linear probe on a bearded dragon (P...Figure 42.11. Demonstration of the posthepatic septum in a tegu (Tupinambus ...Figure 42.12. Large single bladder calculus in a uromastyx (Uromastyx sp.). ...Figure 42.13. Kidneys in uromastyx and a bearded dragon. (A,B) The nondescri...Figure 42.14 Hemipenes, testicles, and ovaries in a bearded dragon (Pogona v...Figure 42.15. Follicles and eggs in a bearded dragon (Pogona vitticeps) and ...Figure 42.16. Gallbladder and liver in uromastyx (Uromastyx sp.), bearded dr...Figure 42.17. Cardiac and caudal vena cava imaging. (A) Sagittal ultrasonogr...Figure 42.18. Pericardial effusion in a bearded dragon (Pogona vitticeps). M...Figure 42.19. Ultrasound evaluation of the eye of a veiled chameleon (Chamae...

43 Chapter 43Figure 43.1. Left parasternal short‐axis view of a dog with pericardial effu...Figure 43.2. Indirect ultrasound‐guided pericardiocentesis in a dog with per...Figure 43.3. Free‐hand ultrasound‐guided probe orientation for pericardiocen...Figure 43.4. Seldinger technique used to place an indwelling small‐bore ches...Figure 43.5. “Gator sign” orientation. When the probe is placed ...Figure 43.6. Free‐hand ultrasound‐guided thoracocentesis short axis....Figure 43.7. Free‐hand ultrasound‐guided thoracocentesis long axis....Figure 43.8. Free‐hand ultrasound‐guided abdominocentesis. The p...Figure 43.9. Free‐hand ultrasound‐guided abdominocentesis. The t...Figure 43.10. Indications for MUG‐DPL. Small quantity of fluid (arrow)...Figure 43.11. MUG‐DPL procedure. (A) A 60° angle (σ) between the probe...Figure 43.12. MUG‐DPL fluid connection. A sterile bag of 0.9% warmed s...Figure 43.13. MUG‐DPL free‐hand ultrasound‐guided abdominocentesis....Figure 43.14. Diagram of a notched needle to improve visualization. Several ...

44 Chapter 44Figure 44.1. Free‐hand sampling technique. (A) The cap of a hypodermic...Figure 44.2. Cranial mediastinal mass radiographic assessment. Ultrasound co...Figure 44.3. Fine needle aspiration set‐up. Patient preparation and ma...Figure 44.4. Sampling a lung lobe mass. (A) Showing the free‐hand technique ...Figure 44.5. Cranial mediastinal mass and use of color flow Doppler. Thoraci...Figure 44.6. Sampling a cranial mediastinal mass. Cranial mediastinal mass s...Figure 44.7. Slide preparation and the squash and smear techniques. (A) Squa...Figure 44.8. Echogenic needle. Conventional needle (A) versus (B) coated nee...

45 Chapter 45Figure 45.1. Goal‐directed template for AFAST.Figure 45.2. Goal‐directed template for TFAST.Figure 45.3. Goal‐directed template for Vet BLUE.Figure 45.4. Goal‐directed template for Global FAST.