Читать книгу Point-of-Care Ultrasound Techniques for the Small Animal Practitioner - Группа авторов - Страница 269

The hepatic veins are best evaluated from the right side of the liver where they join the caudal vena cava (see Figures 8.3A,B and 39.3). Moderate to marked dilation of the hepatic veins is usually secondary to right‐sided cardiac insufficiency, including right‐sided volume overload in patients receiving intravenous fluid therapy (see Chapters 7, 20, 26, and 36). Obstruction of the caudal vena cava due to thrombosis, stricture (kinking) or neoplasia can also cause marked distention of the hepatic veins (Kolata et al. 1982; Crowe et al. 1984; Lisciandro et al. 1995; Fine et al. 1998). Hepatic venous distension should be evaluated in conjunction with other clinical signs, and congestion with concurrent ascites (modified transudate) further supports the presence of right‐sided heart failure or obstruction of the hepatic caudal vena cava (see also Chapters 7, 20, 26, and 36).