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The knowledge of how ultrasound behaves relative to the structures and elements it encounters is very important. From normal tissues within the body to its various constituents (elements) of fluid, air, and mineralization, ultrasound behaves differently, causing a number of artifacts, which can be learned with diligent study, training, and practice. Foreign materials, such as plastic, metal, bone, stone, glass, and vegetative materials, also cause predictable artifacts. These artifacts will be covered in the next few chapters and throughout the textbook. It is a good idea to consider them every time you look at an image to accelerate your learning process.

Degrees of echogenicity of commonly encountered structures from hypoechoic to hyperechoic structures are listed in Table 1.1.