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1 1 Le Lay (2014, 11). All translations mine unless otherwise indicated.

2 2 For a contextualization of the emergence of engagement as a concept and its subsequent place in discussions of African literature, see Odile Cazenave and Patricia Célérier, “The Burden of Commitment,” in Cazenave and Célérier (2011).

3 3 Pierre‐Philippe Fraiture points out the novel’s reference to the political realities of Congo as well as its inspiration in widespread ideas of liberation theology (Fraiture 2013, 173–174).

4 4 Biyidi (1955, 133–140). Alexandre Biyidi is the birth name of Mongo Béti, which is a pseudonym.

5 5 The term Françafrique is frequently used to describe France’s neocolonial relationship with its former colonies, including acts of political intervention intended to protect French economic interests. See François Xavier‐Verschave, La Françafrique: Le plus long scandale de la République (Paris: Stock, 2003). For a probing treatment in comic form, see Grégory Jarry and Otto T., Petite histoire des colonies françaises: tome 4: La Françafrique (Poitiers: Editions FLBLB, 2011).

6 6 Tcheuyap (2005). Tcheuyap’s distinction brackets filmmakers like Claire Denis, who is French but spent much of her childhood in Cameroon. This is reflected in her choice of setting and subject matter in films such as Chocolat (1998) and White Material (2009).