Читать книгу Genome Engineering for Crop Improvement - Группа авторов - Страница 46

The improvement in quality is as important as yield and plant breeding programs are focusing on the improvement of grain quality. The grain quality is multigenic in nature and controlled by a number of factors. The demand for better quality grain is increasing owing to improvement in grain‐processing techniques, environmental variations and consumers’ preferences. The breeding to develop semi‐dwarf cultivars and hybrids of various crops have markedly increased production with a compromise on quality. The advancement in genomics studies for grain quality has further improved the understanding of genes and biosynthesis pathways controlling essential features of grain quality. The complex network of genes controlling quality attributes can be resolved by understanding functional and comparative genomics of major genes and their faithful introgression across cultivars. The targeted mutagenesis through the CRISPR/Cas system has been successfully adopted in several crops (Fiaz et al. 2019) for traits including biotic and abiotic stresses, yield and quality improvement. The series of published articles on the following system is considered as proof of concept describing the application of CRISPR/Cas system for the knockout of genes controlling desirable phenotypes. A generalized protocol for the application of CRISPR/Cas system in several crop species has been described with the potential to be employed for improvement of quality of important crops (Figure 3.2).

Table 3.1 Online platform for tools of CRISPR/Cas system.

Source: Extracted from (Bortesi and Fischer 2015; Chira et al. 2017).

sgRNA design platform	Webpage link	References
CRISPR Design	http://crispr.mit.edu	Hsu et al. (2013)
E‐CRISP	http://www.e‐crisp.org/E‐CRISP	Heigwer et al. (2014)
CRISPR Multi Targeter	http://www.multicrispr.net/basic_input.html	Prykhozhij et al. (2015)
sgRNA designer: CRISPRko	http://portals.broadinstitute.org/gpp/public/analysis‐tools/sgrna‐design	Doench et al. (2016)
Off‐Spoter	https://cm.jefferson.edu/Off‐Spotter	Pliatsika and Rigoutsos (2015)
CCTop	http://crispr.cos.uni‐heidelberg.de/index.html	Stemmer et al. (2015)
CHOPCHOP	http://chopchop.cbu.uib.no/index.php	Montague et al. (2014)
Plasmid free access
Add gene	https://www.addgene.org/search/advanced	Bortesi and Fischer (2015)
Expert discussion forum
OXfCRISPR	https://www.dpag.ox.ac.uk/research/liu‐group/liu‐group news/oxfcrispr/	Bortesi and Fischer (2015)