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Оглавление1 Chapter 1Figure 1.1 Representative image of the aboral (a) and oral (b) surface of a ...Figure 1.2 Representative image of the aboral (a) and oral (b) surface of a ...Figure 1.3 Image of a white sea urchin (Tripneustes ventricosus) demonstrati...Figure 1.4 Representative image of the ventral (a) and lateral (b) aspects o...Figure 1.5 Gross necropsy image (a) of a bat star (Patiria miniata) open at ...Figure 1.6 Gross necropsy images of urchin open at necropsy. Images include ...Figure 1.7 Gross necropsy images of a California giant sea cucumber opened a...Figure 1.8 Low‐magnification image of the histology of the body wall of an (...Figure 1.9 Histology of the epidermis of a sunflower sea star (Pycnopodia he...Figure 1.10 Low‐magnification image of the histology of a sunflower sea star...Figure 1.11 Higher magnification image of the histology of an ochre sea star...Figure 1.12 Histology of the base of a white sea urchin spine at the ball an...Figure 1.13 Histology of white sea urchin appendages including pedicellaria ...Figure 1.14 Histology of the madreporite (a) and stone canal (b) in a mottle...Figure 1.15 Histology of the water vascular (radial) canal in a white urchin...Figure 1.16 Histology of a tube foot in a mottled star. 25×, HE. C, connecti...Figure 1.17 Histology of the cardiac (a) stomach in a mottled star (100×, HE...Figure 1.18 Histology of the pyloric cecae of a mottled star. 25×, HE.Figure 1.19 Histology of the large intestine of a white urchin. 200×, HE.Figure 1.20 Low‐magnification histology of anatomy of Aristotle's lantern in...Figure 1.21 Axial gland in a white urchin. 400×, HE.Figure 1.22 Tiedmann's body in a mottled star. 100×, HE.Figure 1.23 Histology of gills (papulae) in a white urchin showing epidermal...Figure 1.24 Histology of the ventral nerve cord (N) in a mottled star. 100×,...Figure 1.25 Histology of the ovary (a) in a Caribbean thorny star, and testi...Figure 1.26 Nutritive support cells in the gonad of a sand dollar. 100×, HE....
2 Chapter 2Figure 2.1 Gross anatomy. (a) Scheme of sponge organization; black arrows: w...Figure 2.2 The ectosome, dermal membrane, and cortex. (a) Semithin section o...Figure 2.3 Cuticle, exopinacoderm, and pores. (a) Histologic section of Aply...Figure 2.4 Cells of the internal environment. (a) Lophocyte of Chondrilla sp...Figure 2.5 Mesohyl cellular strands of Aplysina cavernicola. (a) General vie...Figure 2.6 Types of aquiferous systems in sponges. (a) Asconoid aquiferous s...Figure 2.7 Inhalant aquiferous system. (a,b) Ostia and inhalant canals lined...Figure 2.8 Choanocyte chambers. (a) Syconoid choanocyte chambers in Sycettus...Figure 2.9 Skeleton. (a) Inorganic skeleton (SiO2) of Haliclona sp. with reg...Figure 2.10 Reproduction, female. (a) Oviparous gonochoric sponge Aplysina c...Figure 2.11 Follicle. (a) Beginning of follicle development in Oscarella nic...Figure 2.12 Tissue modification during sexual reproduction in Halisarca duja...
3 Chapter 3Figure 3.1 Cnidarian body forms: polyp and medusa.Figure 3.2 Gross anatomy of a scleractinian polyp from an imperforate coral....Figure 3.3 Overview of key structures in a polyp from the scleractinian cora...Figure 3.4 Gross anatomy of an octocoral (gorgonian polyp).Figure 3.5 Subgross photomicrograph of a sea pen (order Pennatulacea). The e...Figure 3.6 Undecalcified Acropora cervicornis section prepared using resin e...Figure 3.7 Acropora cervicornis tissue section with aragonite skeleton disso...Figure 3.8 Diagram showing the surface body wall of a scleractinian polyp, s...Figure 3.9 Diagram of the key features of a scleractinian polyp mesentery. F...Figure 3.10 Body wall from a scleractinian coral, Orbicella annularis. The s...Figure 3.11 Body wall from a scleractinian coral, Orbicella cavernosa. The m...Figure 3.12 Body wall from a branching perforate scleractinian coral, Acropo...Figure 3.13 Body wall from an aggregating anemone (Anthopleura sp.) showing ...Figure 3.14 Cross‐section of a moon jelly (Aurelia aurita). The epithelial l...Figure 3.15 Body wall of the gorgonian, Antillogorgia americana, sectioned a...Figure 3.16 Body wall of a sea pen (order Pennatulacea). The epidermis (E) i...Figure 3.17 High magnification of the surface of a sea fan, Gorgonia ventali...Figure 3.18 High magnification of the surface of another gorgonian, Plexaure...Figure 3.19 Epidermal mucocytes secreting through apical pores (arrows) in O...Figure 3.20 Diagram of a cnidocyte (left) ejecting venom from the tip of the...Figure 3.21 Exumbrella from a moon jelly (Aurelia auria). Embedded within th...Figure 3.22 Transmission electron microscopy of nematocysts from a spotted j...Figure 3.23 The tightly wound tropocollagen‐rich tubules of spirocysts are e...Figure 3.24 Ciliated surface body wall of the burrowing sea anemone, Ceriant...Figure 3.25 Epidermal pigment cells (arrows), possibly containing fluorescen...Figure 3.26 Melanin‐like pigment‐containing granular amoebocytes (aka amoebo...Figure 3.27 Squamous calicoblasts (arrowhead) in the calicodermis deep in th...Figure 3.28 Calicoblasts (arrows) containing eosinophilic granules in the ca...Figure 3.29 Corticocytes (arrow) secrete the proteinaceous axis and desmocyt...Figure 3.30 Low magnification of a fixed, decalcified sample from the sea fa...Figure 3.31 Section through the deep basal body wall of the scleractinian co...Figure 3.32 Vacuole‐bound symbiotic dinoflagellates in the gastrodermis of O...Figure 3.33 Transmission electron microscopy of zooxanthellae from a spotted...Figure 3.34 Large slightly basophilic mucocytes (arrows) line the gastroderm...Figure 3.35 Mesenteries of Montastraea cavernosa. The thickness of mesenteri...Figure 3.36 Mesenteries of aggregating anemone (Anthopleura sp.). The mesent...Figure 3.37 Mesenterial filament of a sea pen (order Pennatulacea). The term...Figure 3.38 Mesenterial filaments of aggregating anemone (Anthopleura sp.). ...Figure 3.39 Cnidoglandular band and mesentery sections in Pseudodiploria sp....Figure 3.40 Higher magnification of Figure 3.39. Nematocysts in cnidoglandul...Figure 3.41 Higher magnification of Figure 3.39. Gastrodermal granular pigme...Figure 3.42 Pigmented areas on mesenterial filaments of O. faveolata. Gross ...Figure 3.43 Large gastrodermal granular gland cells found in the mesentery o...Figure 3.44 Granular cells in the calcifying hydrozoan fire coral, MilleporaFigure 3.45 Mesoglea (asterisk) in coral Orbicella cavernosa. Epidermis is o...Figure 3.46 Mesoglea in gorgonian Gorgonia ventalina showing spaces left by ...Figure 3.47 Mesogleal pleats (P) in Fungia sp. 600×. HE.Figure 3.48 Mesogleal pleats (arrowheads) in Orbicella cavernosa have thick ...Figure 3.49 Arrays of myonemes (longitudinal section) (MN) from epitheliomus...Figure 3.50 Myonemes (arrowheads; cross‐section), basal extensions of epithe...Figure 3.51 Contracted bands of myonemes in cross‐section from a burrowing a...Figure 3.52 Surface body wall of Manicina areolata, showing the epidermis (E...Figure 3.53 Mesoglea of a moon jelly (Aurelia aurita). Amoebocytes are scatt...Figure 3.54 Mesoglea of a fleshy scleractinian coral, Colpophyllia natans, s...Figure 3.55 Mesoglea of a sea fan (Gorgonia ventalina), containing multiple ...Figure 3.56 Mesenteries in an aggregating anemone (Anthopleura sp.). Spermar...Figure 3.57 Spermatozoa in Acropora sp. 600×. HE.Figure 3.58 Spermatozoa in an aggregating anemone (Anthopleura sp.). 200×. H...Figure 3.59 Multiple stages of developing oocytes from the jellyfish Aurelia...Figure 3.60 Oocytes in Acropora sp. 200×. HE.Figure 3.61 Oocytes (asterisks) in an unknown species of gorgonian. The tiss...Figure 3.62 Oocytes (arrowheads) developing within the medusa stage in the f...Figure 3.63 Hydra spp. exist as solitary polyps and do not have a medusoid f...Figure 3.64 A myxozoan plasmodium located in the gill arch of the fish Lepom...Figure 3.65 Polar capsules of myxozoan spores found in gill arch of Lepomis ...Figure 3.66 Fragments of coral specimens enrobed in agar.Figure 3.67 Decalcification of coral fragment enrobed in agar. (a) Remove ex...
4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 Shell of Lobatus gigas. The apex (arrow) of the shell was formed ...Figure 4.2 (a) Helix pomatia in anesthetized state. The head (arrowhead) and...Figure 4.3 Two female Lobatus gigas, removed from shell; (a) mantle cavity u...Figure 4.4 Dissected Helix in water cover displaying the internal organs. AG...Figure 4.5 Comparison of integument in (a) mantel of Littorina ziczac, 400×,...Figure 4.6 Hypobranchial gland of Cittarium pica. The gland is composed of c...Figure 4.7 (a) Connective tissue of the body of Lobatus gigas. Fibrous conne...Figure 4.8 Ventral (interior) mantel of Lobatus gigas. Epidermal cells are c...Figure 4.9 Dorsal (exterior) mantel of Lobatus gigas. Epidermal cells are le...Figure 4.10 Mantle edge of Lobatus gigas. Arrows designate the mantle edge g...Figure 4.11 Ink gland of mantle edge of Aplysia dactylomela. A large flask‐s...Figure 4.12 Overview of the mantle collar with zones of Helix. E, epithelium...Figure 4.13 Histologic structure of the mantle collar of Helix. (a) Mantle c...Figure 4.14 Undecalcified thin ground section of the shell of Helix. Ch, con...Figure 4.15 Pedal glands of Helix. (a) Overview of pedal protein gland and s...Figure 4.16 Columellar muscle of Triplofusus papillosus. Myocytes are arrang...Figure 4.17 Radular apparatus of Cerithium sp. Within the buccal cavity (B),...Figure 4.18 Posterior radular apparatus of Nerita peloronta. Odontoblasts ar...Figure 4.19 Pharynx and radula of Helix. (a) Overview of the cross‐section o...Figure 4.20 Esophagus of Cerithium sp. The esophagus has a very thin wall co...Figure 4.21 Longitudinal section of the esophagus of Helix. BB, brush border...Figure 4.22 Crop and salivary gland in Helix. (a) Longitudinal section of th...Figure 4.23 Stomach of Cerithium sp. In areas, the gastric mucosa is covered...Figure 4.24 Style sac of Lobatus gigas. A distinct fold in the wall is a ref...Figure 4.25 Intestine of Cittarium pica. Prominences reflect typhlosoles (ar...Figure 4.26 Anus of Lobatus gigas. The mucosa (M) is lined by simple to pseu...Figure 4.27 Midgut of an active Helix. (a) Overview of the midgut embedded i...Figure 4.28 Rectum of Helix. (a) Overview of cross‐section of the rectum. 50...Figure 4.29 Digestive gland of Cittarium pica. Acini (asterisks) are lined b...Figure 4.30 Digestive gland of Helix. (a) Overview of the digestive gland an...Figure 4.31 Ceras of Limenandra confusa. Cerata are extensions of the mantle...Figure 4.32 Kidney of Tegula excavata. Hemolymphatic spaces (H) separate tub...Figure 4.33 Histology of renal sac of active and inactive Helix. (a) Histolo...Figure 4.34 Renal sac and ureters in Helix. (a) Overview of primary ureter a...Figure 4.35 Nephridial gland of Lobatus gigas. Tubular folds are lined by si...Figure 4.36 Heart of Lobatus gigas. The myocardium consists of trabeculae (a...Figure 4.37 Overview of heart in pericardium and striated heart muscle of He...Figure 4.38 Histologic structure of the heart of Helix. (a) Ventricular wall...Figure 4.39 Pericardium of Cittarium pica. The pericardium consists of a mem...Figure 4.40 Different areas of the pericardium of Helix. ELM, epithelial lay...Figure 4.41 Hemolymphatic vessels in Helix. (a) Artery above subpedal gland....Figure 4.42 Hemocyte‐producing organ in Helix. (a) Overview of hemocyte‐prod...Figure 4.43 Type I hemocytes in the hemocyte‐producing organ and in the lung...Figure 4.44 Type II hemocytes of Helix. (a) Type II hemocytes in the lung an...Figure 4.45 Gill of Tegula excavata. The gill is bipectinate, bearing lamell...Figure 4.46 Lung of Helix. (a) Overview of cross‐section of the lung. 30×. H...Figure 4.47 Nerves of Helix. (a) Large nerve from subesophageal ganglion of Figure 4.48 Ganglion and nerve of Lobatus gigas. Nerves (N) are composed of ...Figure 4.49 Ganglion of Aplysia californica. Large neurons predominate. 100×...Figure 4.50 Cerebral ganglia of Helix. (a) Lobes and cell types and neural s...Figure 4.51 Overview of ommatophore with digitate ganglion and collar cells ...Figure 4.52 Male gonad of Cerithium sp. The gonad marginates digestive gland...Figure 4.53 Female gonad of Tegula ecavata. Vitellogenic oocytes (asterisks)...Figure 4.54 Ovotestis of Helix. (a) Overview of the gonad. 15×. HE. (b) Basi...Figure 4.55 Spermatogenetic stages of Helix. EC, epithelial (nutritive) cell...Figure 4.56 Oogenic stages of Helix. FC, follicular cell; FL, follicular cel...Figure 4.57 Gonoducts and dart sac of Helix. (a) Histologic structure of the...Figure 4.58 Nidamental gland of Lobatus gigas. Mucopolysaccharide‐secreting ...Figure 4.59 Prostate of Lobatus gigas. Tubules are lined by simple columnar ...Figure 4.60 Comparison of eyes. (a) Corallophilia sp. 400×. HE. (b) Littorin...Figure 4.61 Eye and tentacular ganglion complex of Helix. (a) Overview with ...Figure 4.62 Comparison of osphradia. (a) Nerita peloronta. The well‐develope...
5 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 Color variation and patterns of Hapalochlaena spp. chromatophores...Figure 5.2 External anatomy of cephalopods. (a) Nautilus. c, cirri; e, eye; ...Figure 5.3 Decapodiforme, cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis) photograph showing ...Figure 5.4 Giant Pacific octopus (Enteroctopus dofleini) with sessile, radia...Figure 5.5 Cuttlefish (Sepia sp.) showing the mantle (M), eye (E), arms (A),...Figure 5.6 Giant Pacific octopus (Enteroctopus dofleini) beak in situ (backg...Figure 5.7 Giant Pacific octopus (Enteroctopus dofleini), the mantle of whic...Figure 5.8 Excretory organs of a giant Pacific octopus (Enteroctopus doflein...Figure 5.9 Giant Pacific octopus (Enteroctopus dofleini) circulatory system....Figure 5.10 Formalin‐fixed cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis), the mantle of whi...Figure 5.11 (a) Necropsy of a common cuttlefish (Sepia officianalis). Portio...Figure 5.12 Giant Pacific octopus (Enteroctopus dofleini). (a) Hectocotylus ...Figure 5.13 Mantle incision of a Giant Pacific octopus (Enteroctopus doflein...Figure 5.14 (a) Cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis). The cuttlebone attached to m...Figure 5.15 Cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis) mantle. Columnar epithelial cells...Figure 5.16 Cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis) skin showing melanophores and iri...Figure 5.17 Arm of giant Pacific octopus (Enteroctopus dofleini). Note that ...Figure 5.18 Section through a sucker on the arm of a cuttlefish (Sepia offic...Figure 5.19 Section through the buccal mass of a giant Pacific octopus (Ente...Figure 5.20 Radula bearing chitinous teeth in a chambered nautilus (Nautilus...Figure 5.21 Types of salivary gland from giant Pacific octopus (Enteroctopus...Figure 5.22 Esophagus of a northern flamboyant cuttlefish (Metasepia pfeffer...Figure 5.23 Cecum of a giant Pacific octopus (Enteroctopus dofleini). The mu...Figure 5.24 Intestine of a giant Pacific octopus (Enteroctopus dofleini). Th...Figure 5.25 Digestive gland of a giant Pacific octopus (Enteroctopus doflein...Figure 5.26 Atrophic digestive gland of a senescent giant Pacific octopus (E...Figure 5.27 Ink sac complex of a northern flamboyant cuttlefish (Metasepia p...Figure 5.28 Renal appendages of giant Pacific octopus (Enteroctopus dofleiniFigure 5.29 Renal appendage of a giant Pacific octopus (Enteroctopus doflein...Figure 5.30 Pancreatic appendages of a northern flamboyant cuttlefish (Metas...Figure 5.31 Systemic heart (i.e., cardiac muscle) of a northern flamboyant c...Figure 5.32 Branchial heart (BH) and branchial appendage (BA) of a giant Pac...Figure 5.33 Branchial appendage of a giant Pacific octopus (Enteroctopus dof...Figure 5.34 Aorta of a northern flamboyant cuttlefish (Metasepia pfefferi). ...Figure 5.35 Hemolymph from a giant Pacific octopus (Enteroctopus dofleini) w...Figure 5.36 Body wall of a common octopus (Octopus vulgaris) with interstiti...Figure 5.37 White body of a common cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis). The white...Figure 5.38 Branchial gland and gills of a giant Pacific octopus (Enteroctop...Figure 5.39 Gills of a chambered nautilus (Nautilus pompilius) (a) and a gia...Figure 5.40 Branchial gland of a northern flamboyant cuttlefish (Metasepia p...Figure 5.41 Brain of an unspecified cephalopod revealing the brain surroundi...Figure 5.42 Brain of a giant Pacific octopus (Enteroctopus dofleini). The op...Figure 5.43 Central nervous system of a northern flamboyant cuttlefish (Meta...Figure 5.44 Peripheral nerve of a chambered nautilus (Nautilus pompilius). P...Figure 5.45 Saccular ovary of a common octopus (Octopus vulgaris) on wet mou...Figure 5.46 Mature follicle of a giant Pacific octopus (Enteroctopus doflein...Figure 5.47 Oviduct of a giant Pacific octopus (Enteroctopus dofleini) has d...Figure 5.48 Oviductal gland of a giant Pacific octopus (Enteroctopus doflein...Figure 5.49 Paired nidamental gland in a northern flamboyant cuttlefish (Met...Figure 5.50 Male gonad in a northern flamboyant cuttlefish (Metasepia pfeffe...Figure 5.51 Vas deferens of a two‐spot octopus (Octopus bimaculoides) is lin...Figure 5.52 Male gonad in a northern flamboyant cuttlefish (Metasepia pfeffe...Figure 5.53 Spermatophoric glands I and II of a two‐spot octopus (Octopus bi...Figure 5.54 Spermatophoric glands II with glandular parenchyma with basal nu...Figure 5.55 Needham's sac of a two‐spot octopus (Octopus bimaculoides) conta...Figure 5.56 Anterior portion of the eye of a common cuttlefish (Sepia offici...Figure 5.57 Anterior portion of the eye of a common cuttlefish (Sepia offici...Figure 5.58 Retina of a common cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis). The distal la...
6 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 D‐shaped eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica) larvae.Figure 6.2 Early Prodissoconch II (umbo) stage of the eastern oyster. a, sto...Figure 6.3 Pediveligers of hard clams (Mercenaria mercenaria). Arrows indica...Figure 6.4 Diagram of a pediveliger of the European flat oyster (Ostrea edul...Figure 6.5 A hard clam with labeled directions. a, dorsal; b, posterior; c, ...Figure 6.6 Fixed, shucked hard clam (left demibranchs and a portion of the v...Figure 6.7 Diagram of an Atlantic surf clam (Spicula solidissima) with left ...Figure 6.8 Diagram illustrating the direction of water flow from the mantle ...Figure 6.9 Intact eastern oyster. a, anterior (ligament); b, dorsal.Figure 6.10 Shucked eastern oyster. a, digestive gland; b, pericardial sac w...Figure 6.11 Diagram of an oyster showing the opening of the gill's water tub...Figure 6.12 Shucked Atlantic sea scallop (Placopecten magellanicus), fixed i...Figure 6.13 Diagram of a pink scallop (Chlamys hastata) with left valve and ...Figure 6.14 Pallial mantle (membranous mantle) of the central zone. a, shell...Figure 6.15 Mantle edge of an eastern oyster showing three lobes. a, periost...Figure 6.16 Mantle edges of a hard clam. a, lobe 1 (outer lobe); b, periostr...Figure 6.17 Mantle edge of a hard clam. a, periostracal fold; b, periostracu...Figure 6.18 Sagittal section through a juvenile hard clam. a, gastric shield...Figure 6.19 Section of a hard clam. a, style in the style sac; b, intestinal...Figure 6.20 Section of a hard clam showing the typhlosole in the descending ...Figure 6.21 Diagram of the digestive system of an eastern oyster. an, anus; ...Figure 6.22 Section of a hard clam. a, rectum surrounded by the ventricle of...Figure 6.23 Section of a hard clam. a, type I cells of the digestive gland d...Figure 6.24 Section of the digestive gland from an Atlantic sea scallop (Pla...Figure 6.25 Section through the body wall of a giant clam with numerous zoox...Figure 6.26 Section of a demibranch from a hard clam. a, water tubule; b, in...Figure 6.27 Section of a plica from a hard clam. a, ostia; b, collagenous ro...Figure 6.28 Section of a demibranch from a hard clam. Note the food groove (Figure 6.29 Section showing hemocytes in the connective tissues of a hard cl...Figure 6.30 Section of an eastern oyster showing an artery surrounded by ves...Figure 6.31 Section of a juvenile hard clam. a, lumen of the auricular (gree...Figure 6.32 Section of a hard clam showing kidney tubules surrounded by sinu...Figure 6.33 Section of a hard clam's gonadal tissue. a, developing oocyte; b...Figure 6.34 Section of a hard clam's pedal ganglia.Figure 6.35 Diagram of a scallop mantle eye.Figure 6.36 Mantle eyes of a bay scallop (Argopecten irradians).Figure 6.37 Section of a hard clam's foot. a, sinusoids of the foot; b, muco...Figure 6.38 Section of the foot of a juvenile hard clam. a, byssal gland; b,...
7 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 Lumbricus terrestris in anesthetized state. A, anus; CL, clitellu...Figure 7.2 (a) One dorsal cut is enough to reveal the internal organs of the...Figure 7.3 Dissected Lumbricus in water cover displaying the internal organs...Figure 7.4 Structure of body wall layers in different regions of Lumbricus. ...Figure 7.5 Morphology of epidermal cell types of Lumbricus after formalin an...Figure 7.6 Setae and setal sac of Lumbricus. (a) Setal arrangement: closely ...Figure 7.7 Organization of clitellar epidermis of Lumbricus. (a) Morphologic...Figure 7.8 Foregut with chromophil cells in parasagittal section (Bouin fixa...Figure 7.9 Histology of oral cavity. Oral cavity and its wall (Bouin fixatio...Figure 7.10 Histology of pharynx. (a) Pharyngeal wall and chromophil cells (...Figure 7.11 Morphology and position of esophagus and calciferous glands in s...Figure 7.12 Esophagus and calciferous gland of segment X. (a) Esophagus and ...Figure 7.13 Esophagus and calciferous glands of segment XI. (a) Esophagus wi...Figure 7.14 Esophagus and calciferous glands of segment XII. (a) Esophagus a...Figure 7.15 Histology of the crop (formalin fixation), 15× and 350× (inset)....Figure 7.16 Wall of the gizzard (formalin fixation), 40× and 600× (inset). B...Figure 7.17 Histology of the midgut wall. (a) Midgut and typhlosole in cross...Figure 7.18 Histology of the hindgut. Formalin fixation, 40× and 550× (inset...Figure 7.19 Microstructure of the ciliated funnel/nephrostome (drawings afte...Figure 7.20 Histology of the nephridial duct. (a) Overview of metanephridium...Figure 7.21 Histomorphology of blood vessels. (a) Ventral blood vessel; 600×...Figure 7.22 Coelomocytes. (a) Morphology of coelomocytes after Bouin fixatio...Figure 7.23 Monocystis infection and encapsulation. (a) Monocystis oocytes a...Figure 7.24 Histology of the cerebral and subesophageal ganglia. (a) Longitu...Figure 7.25 Some histologic features of the ventral nerve cord. (a) Overview...Figure 7.26 Overview of male genital organs in segments IX–XI (longitudinal ...Figure 7.27 Testis and spermatogenic phases. (a) Testis in the lobe of semin...Figure 7.28 Sperm reservoir of seminal vesicle and vas deferens. (a) Overvie...Figure 7.29 Seminal receptacle/spermatheca. (a) Seminal receptacle/spermathe...
8 Chapter 8Figure 8.1 Gross anatomy. Dorsal (left) and ventral (right) view of therapho...Figure 8.2 Gross anatomy. Dorsal (left) and ventral (right) view of scorpion...Figure 8.3 Mesolense image of unidentified Pseudoscorpion from Peru.Figure 8.4 Gross anatomy. Dorsal (left) and ventral (right) view of ascarid ...Figure 8.5 Dissection of a theraphosid spider (Therophosa stirmi). The proso...Figure 8.6 Dissection of a theraphosid spider (Therophosa stirmi) using a di...Figure 8.7 Dissection of a scorpion (Parabuthus transvaalicus). The prosomal...Figure 8.8 Transverse section of wolf spider cuticle showing a simple epider...Figure 8.9 Transverse section of cuticle of an unspecified arachnid species....Figure 8.10 Prosoma of a birdeater tarantula (Theraphosa blondi). The endost...Figure 8.11 Endosternite of a birdeater tarantula (Theraphosa blondi). Cells...Figure 8.12 Cheliceral muscle in an unspecified wolf spider species. Longitu...Figure 8.13 Skeletal muscle of a birdeater tarantula (Theraphosa blondi). Sk...Figure 8.14 Oral cavity setae of a zebra tarantula (Aphonopelma seemanni). S...Figure 8.15 Esophagus of Asian jungle scorpion (Heterometrus sp.). The esoph...Figure 8.16 Sucking stomach of an Arizona blond tarantula (Aphonopelma chalc...Figure 8.17 Midgut tube of a birdeater tarantula (Theraphosa blondi). The mi...Figure 8.18 Longitudinal section of an unspecified arachnid limb demonstrati...Figure 8.19 Midgut diverticula of birdeater tarantula (Theraphosa blondi). T...Figure 8.20 Stercoral sac of a birdeater tarantula (Theraphosa blondi). The ...Figure 8.21 Stercoral sac of a birdeater tarantula (Theraphosa blondi). The ...Figure 8.22 Stercoral sac of a birdeater tarantula (Theraphosa blondi). The ...Figure 8.23 Nephrocytes of a vinegaroon (order Thelyphonida). Nephrocytes ar...Figure 8.24 Malphighian tubule of a zebra tarantula (Aphonopelma seemanni). ...Figure 8.25 Coxae (CX) of two walking legs of a Trinidad chevron tarantula (Figure 8.26 Coxal gland of a birdeater tarantula (Theraphosa blondi). The co...Figure 8.27 Coxal gland of a birdeater tarantula (Theraphosa blondi). The co...Figure 8.28 Coxa of a Trinidad chevron tarantula (Psalmopoeus cambridgei). T...Figure 8.29 Heart of a vinegaroon (order Thelyphonida). Thin ligaments (arro...Figure 8.30 Melanin and hemocytes in the midgut diverticula of a zebra taran...Figure 8.31 Book lungs of an unspecified arachnid. The book lungs (BL) are i...Figure 8.32 Book lungs of a vinegaroon (order Thelyphonida). Thin chitinous ...Figure 8.33 Limb of an unspecified arachnid. The tracheoles occur singly (ar...Figure 8.34 Brain of Asian jungle scorpion (Heterometrus sp.). The supra‐ (a...Figure 8.35 Spermatheca of a zebra tarantula (Aphonopelma seemanni). An inva...Figure 8.36 Ovary of a zebra tarantula (Aphonopelma seemanni). Ovarian folli...Figure 8.37 Uterus and fetuses of Asian jungle scorpion (Heterometrus sp.). ...Figure 8.38 Testes of a birdeater tarantula (Theraphosa blondi). Multiple lo...Figure 8.39 Cross‐section of an opisthosoma of a birdeater tarantula (Therap...Figure 8.40 Longitudinal section of an eye of an orb‐weaver spider (family A...Figure 8.41 Basal segment of fang within an unspecified arachnid species. 20...Figure 8.42 Venom gland of a birdeater tarantula (Theraphosa blondi). Subjac...Figure 8.43 Silk glands of a Trinidad chevron tarantula (Psalmopoeus cambrid...
9 Chapter 9Figure 9.1 External photograph of the dorsum of a horseshoe crab, Limulus po...Figure 9.2 External photograph of the ventrum of L. polyphemus. Walking and ...Figure 9.3 External photograph of the ventrum of L. polyphemus. A gill operc...Figure 9.4 Illustrated sagittal section of L. polyphemus. am, arthrodial mem...Figure 9.5 Illustrated ventral dissection approach of L. polyphemus. The ven...Figure 9.6 Body wall of L. polyphemus. The cuticle is organized into a poorl...Figure 9.7 Arthrodial membrane of L. polyphemus. The cuticle is focally thin...Figure 9.8 Epidermis of L. polyphemus. The epidermis is a simple layer of ce...Figure 9.9 Cartilage of L. polyphemus. Numerous lacunae are surrounded by a ...Figure 9.10 Hepatopancreas of L. polyphemus. The majority of the organ is co...Figure 9.11 Collecting tubules of L. polyphemus. Light and dark cells are ar...Figure 9.12 Interstitial cells of L. polyphemus. Large, polygonal, interstit...Figure 9.13 Ventriculus of L. polyphemus. The mucosa is overlain by a thick ...Figure 9.14 Ventriculus of L. polyphemus. Higher magnification of the ventri...Figure 9.15 Intestine of L. polyphemus. A simple mucosa is subtended by rese...Figure 9.16 Coxal gland of L. polyphemus. Zones of the coxal gland are pictu...Figure 9.17 Coxal gland of L. polyphemus. Zones 2–3 of the coxal gland show ...Figure 9.18 Heart of L. polyphemus. The heart has an outer epicardium and an...Figure 9.19 Heart of L. polyphemus. Higher magnification of the heart shows ...Figure 9.20 Artery and nerve of L. polyphemus. Nerve is contained in an arte...Figure 9.21 Vascular sinus of L. polyphemus. Hemolymph is composed of eosino...Figure 9.22 Inflammatory coagulum of L. polyphemus. A central coagulum (aste...Figure 9.23 Book gills of L. polyphemus. The bases of the gills have large m...Figure 9.24 Book gills of L. polyphemus. The gills are composed of two paral...Figure 9.25 Corpora pedunculata of L. polyphemus. Numerous bands of Kenyon c...Figure 9.26 Brain of L. polyphemus. Large neurons occur in clusters and are ...Figure 9.27 Hepatopancreas and ovary of L. polyphemus. Ovarian tissue is adm...Figure 9.28 Ovary of L. polyphemus. Large oocytes, surrounded by a thin memb...Figure 9.29 Testis of L. polyphemus. Multiple seminiferous tubules are pictu...Figure 9.30 Compound eye of L. polyphemus. The cuticle is bowed outward and ...Figure 9.31 Compound eye of L. polyphemus. Four ommatidia are pictured, each...Figure 9.32 Sensilla of L. polyphemus. The cuticle is focally expanded by se...
10 Chapter 10Figure 10.1 Schematic of a transverse section of a diplopod with the segment...Figure 10.2 Schematic of a longitudinal section of a myriapod. Br, brain; FG...Figure 10.3 Transverse histologic section of a giant African millipede (Arch...Figure 10.4 Detail of the layers of the cuticle of a giant African millipede...Figure 10.5 Body wall of a giant desert centipede (Scolopendra heros). The e...Figure 10.6 The arthrodial membrane between two tergites in a giant African ...Figure 10.7 The parietal fat body in a giant African millipede (Archispirost...Figure 10.8 Longitudinal and cross‐sections of skeletal muscle fibers (SM) i...Figure 10.9 Head of a giant African millipede (Archispirostreptus gigas) sho...Figure 10.10 Venom gland of giant desert centipede (Scolopendra heros). The ...Figure 10.11 Longitudinal section through the foregut (esophagus) of a giant...Figure 10.12 Cross‐section of the midgut of a giant African millipede (Archi...Figure 10.13 Cross‐section of the hindgut of a giant African millipede (Arch...Figure 10.14 The perivisceral fat body (PvF) of a giant African millipede (A...Figure 10.15 Cross‐sections of Malpighian tubules in a giant African millipe...Figure 10.16 Heart of a giant African millipede (Archispirostreptus gigas). ...Figure 10.17 Hemolymphatic vessel of a giant African millipede (Archispirost...Figure 10.18 Spiracles of a giant African millipede (Archispirostreptus giga...Figure 10.19 Longitudinal section through the cerebral ganglion (brain) of a...Figure 10.20 The ventral nerve cord of a giant African millipede (Archispiro...Figure 10.21 Testes of a giant desert centipede (Scolopendra heros). The tes...Figure 10.22 Ovary and oviduct of a giant African millipede (Archispirostrep...Figure 10.23 Ovary of a giant African millipede (Archispirostreptus gigas). ...Figure 10.24 Corneal lenses of a giant African millipede (Archispirostreptus...Figure 10.25 Eye of a giant desert centipede (Scolopendra heros). The cornea...
11 Chapter 11Figure 11.1 Dorsal view of H. americanus. (a) Telson; (b) uropods; (c) somit...Figure 11.2 Ventral view of the mouth parts of H. americanus. Maxillipeds we...Figure 11.3 Second right pereiopod of H. americanus. (a) Epipodite; (b) gill...Figure 11.4 Ventral surface of a male H. americanus. (a) Gonadopore; (b) mod...Figure 11.5 Ventral surface of a female H. americanus. (a) Gonadopore; (b) m...Figure 11.6 Sagittal cut through the seminal receptacle. (a) Receptacle pouc...Figure 11.7 Lateral view of trichobranchiate gills of a H. americanus with b...Figure 11.8 Line drawings of three types of decopod crustacean gills.(a)...Figure 11.9 Ventral surface of Hemigrapsus sanguineus (Japanese shore crab)....Figure 11.10 Ventral surface of hard carapace showing chromatophores (arrowsFigure 11.11 Dissection of male H. americanus. (a) Cardiac stomach; (b) pylo...Figure 11.12 Dissection of a female H. americanus. (a) Hepatopancreas; (b) o...Figure 11.13 Dorsally opened stomach of H. americanus. (a) Uncalcified gastr...Figure 11.14 Dissection of a female H. americanus. Dorsally opened stomach. ...Figure 11.15 Line drawing of the dissected neural cord of H. americanus....Figure 11.16 Junction of the hard and soft carapace of H. americanus. (a) Ar...Figure 11.17 Histology of the carapace of a lobster in C4/Do phase of develo...Figure 11.18 Histology of a tegmental gland of H. americanus. (a) Pyramidal ...Figure 11.19 Histology of the stomach of a lobster. (a) Esophagus; (b) cardi...Figure 11.20 Histology of the plyloric stomach of a crayfish. (a) Dorsal cha...Figure 11.21 Histology of the hepatopancreas of a crayfish. Blind‐ended dige...Figure 11.22 Histology of the midgut of H. americanus. (a) Circular muscle; ...Figure 11.23 Histology of the hindgut of H. americanus. (a) Chitin lining th...Figure 11.24 Histology of the blind end of a hepatopancreatic tubule. E–E ce...Figure 11.25 Histology of a proximal part of a hepatopancreatic tubule of a ...Figure 11.26 Histology of the heart of a crayfish. (a) Adventitia; (b) stria...Figure 11.27 Histology of a medium‐sized artery. (a) Internal intima (basal ...Figure 11.28 Hemocyte types adjacent to the internal intima of the dorsal po...Figure 11.29 Encapsulation (decapod granuloma). (a) Central melanization (up...Figure 11.30 Histology of a focus of hematopoietic tissue surrounding a smal...Figure 11.31 Histology of the kidney (green gland) of a crayfish. (a) Coelom...Figure 11.32 Line drawing of the hemolymph circulation in an outer filament ...Figure 11.33 Histology of a cross‐section of an outer gill filament of a cra...Figure 11.34 Line drawing of the filaments of Janus novaehollandiae (rock lo...Figure 11.35 Histology of a cross‐section of a middle gill filament of H. am...Figure 11.36 Line drawing of a phyllobranchiate gill lamellae of a crab (Car...Figure 11.37 Photomicrograph of a thoracic ganglia. (a) Ganglia; (b) nerve; ...Figure 11.38 Histology of a large nerve. (a) Small arteriole; (b) neural she...Figure 11.39 Histology of the ovary of a crayfish. (a) Connective tissue cap...Figure 11.40 Histology of the seminal receptacle of H. americanus. (a) Chiti...Figure 11.41 Testis of H. americanus. (a) Spermatogonia; (b) spermatids; (c)...Figure 11.42 Vas deferens containing a developing spermatophore. (a) Spermat...Figure 11.43 Line drawing of decapod ommatidia.(a) Cornea; (b) corneagen...Figure 11.44 Histology of a sagittal section through the eye of a crayfish i...Figure 11.45 Line drawing of the rhabdom of the compound eye of crayfish (Pr...Figure 11.46 Histology of a sagittal section through the eye and eyestalk of...Figure 11.47 Histology of the polygonal cells of the mandibular organ (arrow...
12 Chapter 12Figure 12.1 Sagittal section of a honeybee (Apis mellifera). Scale bar, 1.0 ...Figures 12.2–12.4 Transverse sections of the head of a honeybee (Apis mellif...Figure 12.5 Body wall of a gypsy moth caterpillar (Lymantria dispar). The bo...Figure 12.6 Sagittal section of a gypsy moth caterpillar (Lymantria dispar)....Figure 12.7 Body wall of a gypsy moth caterpillar (Lymantria dispar). Higher...Figure 12.8 Body wall of a gypsy moth caterpillar (Lymantria dispar) with ep...Figure 12.9 Skeletal muscle of a honeybee (Apis mellifera). The skeletal mus...Figure 12.10 Forewing of a beetle (unspecified species). The wing is compose...Figure 12.11 Transverse section of the head of a honeybee (Apis mellifera) a...Figure 12.12 Hypopharyngeal glands in a worker honeybee (Apis mellifera). 40...Figure 12.13 Junction of the crop (C), proventriculus (P), and ventriculus (...Figure 12.14 Proventriculus of a honeybee (Apis mellifera). The cuticular li...Figure 12.15 Foregut of a gypsy moth caterpillar (Lymantria dispar). The lum...Figure 12.16 Midgut (ventriculus) of a gypsy moth caterpillar (Lymantria dis...Figure 12.17 Ventricular mucosa of a honeybee (Apis mellifera). EC, epitheli...Figure 12.18 Hindgut of a gypsy moth caterpillar (Lymantria dispar). The lum...Figure 12.19 Fat body of a gypsy moth caterpillar (Lymantria dispar). The fa...Figure 12.20 Malpighian tubules of a honeybee (Apis mellifera). The tubules ...Figure 12.21 Heart of a honeybee (Apis mellifera). The heart is a tubular or...Figure 12.22 Tracheae (T) in the superficial aspect of the hemoceolom of a g...Figure 12.23 Tracheoles in a gypsy moth caterpillar (Lymantria dispar). Trac...Figure 12.24 Transverse section of a ventral nerve cord of a gypsy moth cate...Figure 12.25 Longitudinal section of a ventral nerve cord of a gypsy moth ca...Figure 12.26 Section through the head of a carpenter ant (Camponotus sp.). T...Figure 12.27 Longitudinal section of the abdomen of a mated honeybee queen. ...Figure 12.28 Photomicrograph of a coronal section of a newly emerged honeybe...Figure 12.29 Transverse section of the head of a honeybee (Apis mellifera). ...Figure 12.30 Section through an ocellus in a honeybee (Apis mellifera). The ...Figure 12.31 Section through a compound eye in a honeybee (Apis mellifera). ...Figure 12.32 Sensilla of a honeybee (Apis mellifera). 2×. HE. Inset, 30×.Figure 12.33 Venom sac of a honeybee (Apis mellifera). The venom sac is line...
