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Big Data Debate British Academy – www.britac.ac.uk/events/2012/The_Big_Data_Debate.cfm

Google Trends – www.google.com/trends

Methods@Manchester – www.methods.manchester.ac.uk

Nesstar – http://nesstar.esds.ac.uk

Oxford e Research Centre – www.oerc.ox.ac.uk

Oxford Internet Institute – www.oii.ox.ac.uk

Radical Statistics – www.radstats.org.uk

Research Methods Centre – www.ncrm.ac.uk

Researching Social Media – http://researchingsocialmedia.org

Social Research Methods – www.socialresearchmethods.net

Survey Network – www.surveynet.ac.uk

Text Mining Centre – www.nactem.ac.uk

UK Data Service – http://ukdataservice.ac.uk

¹Booth’s original work was published in 17 volumes over the turn of the nineteenth century. It has been subsequently summarized, reproduced and interpreted on many occasions. See O’Day and Englander (1993).

²Within the UK, see www.adls.ac.uk for general information about new access opportunities.

³At the time of writing, the UK Administrative Data Taskforce had reported (www.esrc.ac.uk/_images/ADT-Improving-Access-for-Research-and-Policy_tcm8-24462.pdf). If its recommendations are taken up by the UK government, they are likely to lead to a step change in research access to administrative data.

⁴By orthodox social science data, we mean data collected with the specific intent of doing social science. Though, of course, even these data and methods are continually being developed and renewed; we have travelled some distance from the purposive cross-sectional surveys of the early twentieth century in the UK to the online surveys, cohort studies and experimental controlled trials increasingly used today.

⁵The definition in the SRSA is very similar to the one contained in the Data Protection Act (1998).

⁶See http://ukanon.net

⁷The Integrated Household Survey combines data collected from the following surveys: General Lifestyle Survey, Living Costs and Food Survey, Opinions Survey, English Housing Survey, Labour Force Survey/Annual Population Survey, Life Opportunities Survey.

⁸See www.mappiness.org.uk

⁹See http://quantifiedself.com/about

¹⁰See, for example, Open Street Map: www.openstreetmap.org

¹¹See, for example, https://scraperwiki.com/professional

¹²See www.cls.ioe.ac.uk/default.aspx

¹³See www.ifs.org.uk/ELSA

¹⁴See www.ons.gov.uk/ons/guide-method/user-guidance/longitudinal-study/index.html

¹⁵See www.worldvaluessurvey.org/wvs.jsp

¹⁶See nesstar.ukdataservice.ac.uk/webview

¹⁷See http://ukdataservice.ac.uk/get-data/key-data.aspx

¹⁸See www.natcen.ac.uk/our-research/research/british-social-attitudes

¹⁹See www.ons.gov.uk/ons/about-ons/get-involved/taking-part-in-a-survey/information-for-households/a-to-z-of-household-and-individual-surveys/crime-survey-for-england---wales/index.html

²⁰See http://ukdataservice.ac.uk

²¹See http://securedata.data-archive.ac.uk

²²See www.hmrc.gov.uk/datalab

²³See www.justice.gov.uk/justice-data-lab

²⁴See www.adls.ac.uk

²⁵See http://data.gov.uk/ and also the Open Data Institute www.theodi.org

²⁶See www.cls.ioe.ac.uk/default.aspx

²⁷See www.adls.ac.uk/dwp

²⁸See www.education.gov.uk/ilsype/workspaces/public/wiki/Welcome

²⁹See www.gov.uk/government/collections/school-census

³⁰See www.esrc.ac.uk/_images/ADT-Improving-Access-for-Research-and-Policy_tcm8-24462.pdf

³¹See www.ihdln.org

³²See www.ico.gov.uk/for_organisations/freedom_of_information/guide/refusing_a_request.aspx

³³See www.ico.org.uk/news/blog/2013/freedom-of-information-the-next-generation

³⁴See, for example, the Smart Steps service: http://blog.digital.telefonica.com/?press-release=telefonica-dynamic-insights-launches-smart-steps-in-the-uk

³⁵See www.everydaysexism.com/; www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-21520385

³⁶See http://technorati.com/social-media/article/uk-police-in-twitter-experiment

³⁷See www.unglobalpulse.org

³⁸See http://scid-project.org/about/summary

³⁹See www.ons.gov.uk/ons/guide-method/census/2011/index.html

⁴⁰See www.ons.gov.uk/ons/about-ons/get-involved/taking-part-in-a-survey/information-for-households/a-to-z-of-household-and-individual-surveys/labour-force-survey/index.html

⁴¹See www.ons.gov.uk/ons/about-ons/what-we-do/programmes---projects/beyond-2011/index.html

⁴²See Duncan et al. (2011) for a recent review of this topic.

⁴³See www.openstreetmap.org/#map=5/54.910/-3.432

⁴⁴See www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination

⁴⁵See www.netmums.com/family-food/guide-to-cooking-on-a-budget/cooking-on-a-budget

⁴⁶See www.gov.uk/government/collections/family-resources-survey--2

⁴⁷See www.esds.ac.uk/findingData/snDescription.asp?sn=4803

⁴⁸Though evidence suggests that this access is reliant on established relationships between commercial organizations and academics (Elliot et al. 2013).

⁴⁹See www.dunnhumby.com

⁵⁰www.caci.co.uk

⁵¹See data.gov.uk/dataset/health_survey_for_england

⁵²See www.ifs.org.uk/ELSA

⁵³See www.adls.ac.uk/safe-researcher-training

⁵⁴www.ukbiobank.ac.uk

⁵⁵See www.cls.ioe.ac.uk/default.aspx

⁵⁶See www.britainsdna.com

⁵⁷See www.google.org/flutrends

⁵⁸Also see www.diygenomics.org/; http://genomera.com

⁵⁹See www.cls.ioe.ac.uk/default.aspx

⁶⁰See www.education.gov.uk/ilsype/workspaces/public/wiki/Welcome

⁶¹See www.gov.uk/government/collections/school-census

⁶²See www.natcen.ac.uk/our-research/research/british-social-attitudes

⁶³See www.understandingsociety.ac.uk/about

⁶⁴See www.europeansocialsurvey.org

⁶⁵See www.worldvaluessurvey.org/wvs.jsp

⁶⁶See www.cso.ie/en/silc/abouttheeu-silc

⁶⁷See http://yougov.co.uk

⁶⁸It is notable that YouGov is also developing a sample frame of Twitter users linked with panel members.

⁶⁹See Facebook (2012) Annual Report www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1326801/000119312512325997/d371464d10q.htm#tx371464_14

⁷⁰According to the BBC, Facebook has more than 83 million illegitimate accounts. See www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-19093078

⁷¹See Ding, J. (2013) ‘Twitter underground economy still going strong’. www.net-security.org/article.php?id=1859. Also see ‘Twitter Bot Tests Limits of Social Authenticity’, Social Media Today. www.socialmediatoday.com/content/twitter-bot-tests-limits-social-authenticity. See also the development of so-called ‘click farms’. Aurther, C. (2013) ‘How low-paid workers at ‘click farms’ create appearance of online popularity’. Guardian, August 2013 www.theguardian.com/technology/2013/aug/02/click-farms-appearance-online-popularity

⁷²See, for example, www.mediahelpingmedia.org/training-resources/social-networking/402-trusting-tweets-a-guide-for-journalists

⁷³See http://wstweb1.ecs.soton.ac.uk

⁷⁴See www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/norway/10236246/Norwegian-Prime-Ministers-secret-taxi-shift.html

⁷⁵See, for example, www.britishpollingcouncil.org

⁷⁶Though see the Data Journalism Handbook initiative (Gray et al., 2012).

⁷⁷For further discussion see RCUK Code of Good Practice (2009) and the Research Ethics Guidebook www.ethicsguidebook.ac.uk and www.methods.manchester.ac.uk/resources/ethics/externalguidance/index.shtml

⁷⁸Achieving reliability when coding unstructured data has always been difficult so there is nothing new here, except perhaps that new data sources often generate large quantities of unstructured data.

⁷⁹Tim Berners-Lee has famously predicted that Web 3.0 will be the web of linked data (www.ted.com/talks/tim_berners_lee_on_the_next_web.html). If his prediction is accurate, then we can expect the transformative process we have been describing here – the blurring of traditional social science dichotomies – to intensify further.

⁸⁰All URLs accessed 17 Dec 2014.