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The HDM—a multilayered method for studying complex decisions—was developed in 1979 using a similar concept as the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) methodology, but with a different pairwise comparison scale and judgmental quantification technique [3]. Depending on how simple or complex the decision-making problem is, the number of hierarchical levels is determined.

HDM is a methodology that breaks down a problem into different hierarchies or sublevels. The approach an HDM takes is that it considers any problem as an association of sub-problems, which can be broken down into hierarchies or levels. The most common approach in a HDM consists of three important decision hierarchies: Impact or Mission level, Target or Objective level and Operational or Action level [4]. Each level comprises of multidimensional components [4].

The top level which is the objective, leads to benefits. The bottom level, which is the alternative, results from multiple actions. Each decision element at every level has an impact on different elements at the next higher level. A hierarchy can be determined as a completed hierarchy if each element of the given hierarchy is evaluated with respect to each element in the next hierarchy [2]. Any complex decision problem can be expressed as an analytical hierarchical decision.