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1. Brad Stone, The Everything Store: Jeff Bezos and the Age of Amazon (London: Corgi Books, 2013), p. 243.

2. Scott Galloway, The Four: The Hidden DNA of Amazon, Apple, Facebook, and Google (London: Corgi Books, 2017), p. 41.

3. Natalie Berg and Miya Knights, Amazon: How the World’s Most Relentless Retailer Will Continue to Revolutionize Commerce (London: Kogan Page, 2019), p. 232.

4. Daniel P. Bearth, “Is Amazon a Logistics Company?” Transport Topics, April 8, 2019, www.ttnews.com/articles/amazon-logistics-company-all-signs-point. Accessed April 19, 2020.

5. Galloway, The Four, p. 31.

6. Berg and Knights, Amazon, pp. 14–15.

7. U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, Form 10-K AMAZON.COM INC. For fiscal year ended December 31, 2018, p. 36; U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, Form 10-K AMAZON.COM INC. For fiscal year ended December 31, 2010, p. 37; U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, form 10-K, WALMART INC., For the fiscal year ending January 31, 2019, p. 32.

8. Jesse LeCavalier, The Rule of Logistics: Walmart and the Architecture of Fulfillment (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2016), passim; Stone, Everything Store, p. 207.

9. Edna Bonachich and Jake B. Wilson, Getting the Goods: Ports, Labor, and the Logistics Revolution (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2008), pp. 96–101; Marc Levinson, The Box: How the Shipping Container Made the World Smaller and the World Economy Bigger (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2006), pp. 266–267; LeCavalier, Rule of Logistics, p. 4.

10. World Bank, Container port traffic (TEU: 20 foot equivalent units). https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/IS.SHP.GOOD.TU?view=chart; World Bank, Air transport, freight (million ton-km), https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/IS.AIR.GOOD.MT.K1?view=chart; World Bank, Railways, goods transported (million ton-km), https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/IS.RRS.GOOD.MT.K6?view=chart. Accessed April 20, 2020.

11. Peter Frankopan, The New Silk Roads: The Present and the Future of the World (London: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2018), pp. 89–100.

12. U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Freight Activity in the United States, Table 1-58, 1993, 1997, 2002, 2007, 2012 and 2017, www.bts.gov/content/freight-activity-united-states-1993-1997-2002-and 2012. Accessed April 20, 2020.

13. Bureau of Labor Statistics, “Warehousing and Storage: NAICS 493,” Industries at a Glance, June 21, 2019, https://data.bls.gov/cgi-bin/print.pl/iag/tgs/iag493.htm. For a summary of this growth, see Kim Moody, “Labour and the Contradictory Logic of Logistics,” Work Organisation, Labour & Globalisation 13(1) (Spring 2019): 79–95.

14. Yossi Sheffi, Logistics Clusters: Delivering Value and Driving Growth (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2012), p. 147.

15. LeCavalier, Rule of Logistics, p. 50.

16. Bearth, “Is Amazon a Logistics Company?”

17. Transport Topics, “Top 100 For-Hire Carriers,” 2018, www.ttnews.com/top100/for-hire/2018; Transport Topics, “Top 50 Logistics,” 2019, www.ttnews.com/top50/logistics/2019. Accessed April 20, 2020.

18. Sheffi, Logistics Clusters, p. 159.

19. Moody, “Labour,” p. 80.

20. Datacenter.com, “locations,” 2019, www.datacenter.com/locations; Cloudscene, “Data Centers in the United States 2019,” https://cloudscene.com/market/data-centers-in-united-states/all. Accessed April 20, 2020.

21. LeCavalier, Rule of Logistics, pp. 98–100, passim.

22. MWPVL International, Amazon Global Fulfillment Center Network, January 2020, www.mwpvl.com/html/amazon_com.html Accessed April 20, 2020. U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, Form 10-K, WALMART INC, Year ending January 31, 2019, p. 25.

23. Martin Christopher, Logistics and Supply Chain Management, 5th edition (Harlow, UK: Pearson, 2016), pp. 135–153; Sheffi, Logistics Clusters, pp.108–111.

24. Karl Marx, Grundrisse: Introduction to the Critique of Political Economy (Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin Books 1973), p. 524.

25. Statista Research Department, “Annual Net Revenue of Amazon from 2004 to 2018,” Statista, May 7, 2019, www.statista.com/statistics/266282/annual-net-revenue-of-amazoncom/. Accessed April 20, 2020.

26. U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, AMAZON.COM, 2018, p. 51.

27. Marx, Grundrisse, pp. 533–534.

28. Karl Marx, Capital, Volume II (Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin Books, 1978), pp. 226–227.

29. U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, AMAZON.COM, 2018, p. 4. This figure does not include temporary workers employed at seasonal peaks who in the U.S. number about 100,000.

30. Galloway, The Four, p. 183; U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, AMAZON.COM, 2018, p. 67.

31. MWPVL International, Amazon Global, January 2020.

32. Terri Cullen, “Amazon Plans to Spend $700 Million to Retrain a Third of its US Workforce in New Skills,” CNBC, July 11, 2019, www.cnbc.com/2019/07/11/amazon-plans-to-spend-700-million-to-retrain-a-third-of-its-workforce-in-new-skills-wsj.html. Accessed April 20, 2020; Amazon, “Our Workforce Data,” December 31, 2018, www.aboutamazon.com/working-at-amazon/diversity-and-inclusion/our-workforce-data. Accessed April 20, 2020; For the racialization of the workforce, see Jake Alimahomed-Wilson, “Unfree shipping: The racialization of logistics labour,” Work Organisation, Labour & Globalisation 13(1) (Spring 2019): 96–113.

33. MWPVL International, Amazon Global, January 2020; Sara Salinas, “Amazon Raises Minimum Wage to $15 for All US Employees,” CNBC, October 2, 2018, www.cnbc.com/2018/10/02/amazon-raises-minimum-wage-to-15-for-all-us-employees.html. Accessed April 20, 2020; Nat Levy, “Amazon Tops 600K Worldwide Employees for the 1^st Time, a 13% Jump from a Year Ago,” Geekwire, October 25, 2018, www.geekwire.com/2018/amazon-tops-600k-worldwide-employees-1st-time-13-jump-year-ago/. Accessed April 20, 2020.

34. Berg and Knights, Amazon, p. 135; U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, AMAZON.COM, 2018, p. 25.

35. Datacenters.com, Amazon AWS, map and photos, www.datacenters.com/providers/amazon-aws. Accessed April 20, 2020.

36. Ingrid Burrington, “Why Amazon’s Data Centers Are Hidden in Spy Country,” The Atlantic, January 8, 2016, www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2016/01/amazon-web-services-data-center/423147/1/. Accessed April 20, 2020.

37. U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, AMAZON.COM, 2018, p. 8.

38. Andy Geldman, “Amazon Logistics: Innovation of Exploitation?” WebRetailer, October 5, 2018, www.webretailer.com/lean-commerce/amazon-logistics/#/ Accessed April 20, 2020; Berg and Knights, Amazon, pp. 223–224.

39. Berg and Knights, Amazon, pp. 230–233.

40. Ibid., p. 231; Eylan Buchman, “The Rise of Amazon Logistics,” Transport Topics, August 20, 2018, www.ttnews.com/articles/rise-amazon-logistics. Accessed April 20, 2020.

41. David Jaffe and David Bensman, “Draying and Picking: Precarious Work and Labor Action in the Logistics Sector,” Working USA: Journal of Labor and Society 19 (2016): 67–71; Alimahomed-Wilson, “Unfree Shipping,” pp. 106–109.

42. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Injuries, Illness, and Fatalities, Table 1, Incident rates of nonfatal injuries and illnesses by industry and case types, 2017, www.bls.gov/iif/oshwc/osh/os/summ1_00_2017.htm. Accessed April 20, 2020.

43. Reveal staff, “Find Out What Injuries Are Like at the Amazon Warehouse That Handled Your Packages,” Reveal, November 25, 2019, The Center for Instigative Reporting, www.revealnews.org/article/find-out-what-injuries-are-like-at-the-amazon-warehouse-that-handled-your-packages/. Accessed April 20, 2020.

44. Michael Sainato, “Accidents at Amazon: Workers Left to Suffer After Warehouse Injuries,” The Guardian, July 30, 2018, www.theguardian.com/technology/2018jul/30/accidents-at-amazon-workers-left-to-suffer-after-warehouse-injuries. Accessed April 20, 2020; Tonya Riley, “She Injured Herself Working at Amazon: Then The Real Nightmare Began,” Mother Jones, March 19, 2019, www.motherjones.com/politics/2019/03/amazon-workers-compensation-amcare-clinic-warehouse/. Accessed April 20, 2020.

45. Alina Stanczyk, Zelal Cataldo, Constantin Blome, and Christian Busse, “The Dark Side of Global Sourcing: A Systematic Literature Revue and Research Agenda,” International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics 47(1) (2017): 41–45; Donald Waters, Supply Chain Risk Management: Vulnerability and Resilience in Logistics (London: Kogan Page, 2011), pp. 4–6.

46. Waters, Supply Chain Risk Management, pp. 62–63.

47. Uta Jüttner, “Supply Chain Risk Management: Understanding the Business Requirements from a Practitioner Perspective,” International Journal of Logistics Management 16(1) (2005): 127.

48. U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, AMAZON.COM, pp. 8, 19.

49. Sheffi, The Power, p. 221.

50. Burrington, “Amazon’s Data Centers”; Uptime Institute, Uptime Institute Global Data Center Survey (Seattle, WA: Uptime Institute, 2018, 2018), p. 2.

51. Berg and Knights, Amazon, pp. 62–66, 225–226, 234–235.

52. For a thorough analysis of “real capitalist competition,” see Anwar Shaikh, Capitalism: Competition, Conflict, Crises (New York: Oxford University Press, 2016), pp. 259–326.

53. U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, Form 10-K, WALMART INC., Fiscal year ending January 31, 2019, pp. 29, 32; U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, AMAZON.COM, 2018, pp. 36, 66.

54. Shaikh, Capitalism, p. 751.

55. U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, AMAZON.COM, 2018, p. 57.

56. Howard Botwinick, Persistent Inequalities: Wage Disparity Under Capitalist Competition (Chicago, IL: Haymarket Books, 2017), pp. 224–251.

57. Kim Moody, On New Terrain: How Capital is Reshaping the Battleground of Class War (Chicago, IL: Haymarket Books, 2017), pp. 59–69.