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¹ In the USSR of 1970s, more than 4% of GDP was spent in sciences (Kurbanov, 2019, p. 5).

² See Federal Ministry of Education and Research (2006). Germany clarified its lack of competitiveness in terms of cost and sought a new level of competitiveness through innovation. In 2011, based on the negative impact of the Lehman shock of 2008, Germany started the new controversy on innovation, and in 2013 Recommendations for implementing the strategic initiative Industrie 4.0 (digitalisation), Final report of the Industrie 4.0 Working Group, was adopted. In 2015, Germany expanded the sphere of this initiative to include the service sector.

³ National champion is a governmental policy through which large organisations not only seek profit but also help “advance the interests of the nation”; the government sets policies favouring these organisations.

⁴ Ibid.

⁵ From the geographical angle. Crescenzi and Jaax (2017) emphasises a strong path-dependency.

⁶ The original programme was drafted by the Ministry of Information in October 2010.

⁷ Dmitry Peskov (Director of the Direction “Young Professionals” of the ASI) emphasises that “the NIS cannot be created by bureaucratic methods” (https://asi.ru/eng/nti, accessed on 1 May 2019).

⁸ Simultaneously, the government adopted the federal law on “Security of critical information infrastructure in Russia”.

⁹ 5G is the fifth-generation cellular network technology providing broadband access.

¹⁰ Technology trade also indicates an increasing deficit, and independent of the economic sanction, it exceeds more than 1 billion dollars (2.1 billion in 2017) (Federal State Statistics Office, Russian Statistical Yearbook, http://www.gks.ru, accessed on 25 May 2019).

¹¹ Multinational enterprises facilitate the transmission of global advanced knowledge flows” (Crescenzi and Jaax 2017).

¹² However, the level to which robots are used in manufacturing is relatively smaller than that in the developed countries (EBRD, 2018, pp. 36–37).

¹³ I use information from the questionnaire surveys provided to top managers in 2005 and 2009 by the High School of Economics (Gonchar, 2014, pp. 195–221).

¹⁴ In the low-technology sectors, enterprises are accustomed to utilising the existing technology, and they do not aim for innovation (Kuznetsova and Roud, 2013, p. 94).

¹⁵ Organisational innovation requires new business procedures, organisation of shops, improvement in external relations, and reductions in management and transaction costs. Marketing innovation means changing the marketing, design and packing, and sales methods and creating a new value strategy. Three and a half percent of Russian enterprises introduced new organisations, and 2.5% of enterprises implemented marketing innovation. Both cases record smaller numbers than total innovation (Kuznetsova and Roud, 2013, p. 98).

¹⁶ Internet in the state order was utilised in 26%, and Internet in Finance in 23%, Website in 43%, and Internet sale in 15% in 2016. IT utilisation rate is low in business and regional gaps are large (Ekspert, No. 12, 19–25 March 2018).