Читать книгу The Science of Health Disparities Research - Группа авторов - Страница 2
Table of Contents
Оглавление1 Cover
5 Foreword
7 1 Definitions, Principles, and Concepts for Minority Health and Health Disparities Research 1.1 Introduction 1.2 NIMHD Mission 1.3 Definitions and Concepts of Minority Health and Health Disparities 1.4 The NIMHD Research Framework: Health Determinants in Action 1.5 Inclusion of Diverse Participants in Clinical Research 1.6 Conclusions 1.7 Key Points Disclaimer References
8 2 Getting Under the SkinPathways and Processes that Link Social and Biological Determinants of Disease 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Allostasis and Allostatic Load 2.3 The HPA Axis 2.4 Anticipatory Biology and Behavior: The Embedding of Exposures Across the Life Course 2.5 Sleep 2.6 How We Feed: Nutrition and Nutrition‐related Health Disparities 2.7 How We Feel: Mood and Depression 2.8 Summary 2.9 Key Points Disclaimer References
9 3 Racial/Ethnic, Socioeconomic, and Other Social Determinants 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Introduction to the Topic, Including Key Definitions 3.3 Used and Recommended Measures and Research Methods 3.4 How and Why this Topic is Important to Minority Health and Health Disparities Research 3.5 Selected Examples of the State of the Science in the Field to Illustrate Best Practices 3.6 Challenges and Future Opportunities 3.7 Summary 3.8 Key Points Disclaimer References
10 4 Behavioral Determinants in Population Health and Health Disparities Research 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Importance of Behavioral Determinants to Minority Health and Health Disparities Research 4.3 Relevant Metrics and Research Methods 4.4 State of the Science: Promising Practices 4.5 Challenges and Future Opportunities 4.6 Summary 4.7 Key Points Disclaimer References
11 5 Sociocultural Environments and Health Disparities ResearchFrameworks, Methods, and Promising Directions 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Selected Overarching Sociocultural Environment Factors 5.3 Social Capital and Health Disparities 5.4 Implicit Bias of Healthcare Providers 5.5 Sociocultural Factors that Influence the Quality of Healthcare Provider‐Patient Interactions and Communication 5.6 Synthesis 5.7 Key Points Disclaimer References
12 6 Physical Environment, and Minority Health and Health Disparities Research 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Methodologies and Measures 6.3 Importance of Physical Environment Determinants to Health Disparities Research 6.4 Case Study 6.5 Challenges and Opportunities 6.6 Key Points Disclaimer References
13 7 Genome‐wide Genetic Approaches to Metabolic and Inflammatory Health Disparities 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Landscape of Genetic Variation 7.3 Pathogenic Potential of Low‐frequency and Rare Variants 7.4 Admixture in the Americas 7.5 Identifying Disease Genes Associated with Health Disparities: Methods and Approaches 7.6 Joint Admixture Mapping and Genome‐wide Association Studies for Gene Discovery in Admixed Populations 7.7 Whole‐Genome and Whole‐Exome Sequencing Approaches to Health Disparities 7.8 Summary 7.9 Key Points Definitions Disclaimer References
14 8 Biologic Factors and Molecular Determinants in Inflammatory and Metabolic Diseases 8.1 Introduction and Approaches 8.2 Asthma 8.3 Metabolic Syndrome, Obesity, and Diabetes 8.4 Lupus and Other Rheumatologic Diseases 8.5 Kidney Disease 8.6 Key Points Disclaimer References
15 9 Insights into the Genomic Landscape of African Ancestry PopulationsImplications for Health and Disease Disparities 9.1 Introduction: Viewing the Complex Architecture of African Genomes from a Global Perspective 9.2 Adaptive Forces that Shaped the Human Genome in Health and Disease among African Ancestry Populations 9.3 Pharmacogenomics 9.4 Considerations for Future Studies 9.5 Conclusions 9.6 Key Points Disclaimer References
16 10 Applying Self‐report Measures in Minority Health and Health Disparities Research 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Measurement Issues When Using Self‐report Measures in Diverse Populations 10.3 Methods for Evaluating Conceptual and Psychometric Properties of Self‐report Measures 10.4 Locating and Selecting Self‐report Measures for Use in Diverse Populations 10.5 Adapting Measures for Diverse Populations 10.6 Future Directions 10.7 Conclusions 10.8 Key Points Disclaimer References
17 11 Conducting Community‐based Participatory Research with Minority Communities to Reduce Health Disparities 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Conducting Community‐based Participatory Research with Minority Communities to Reduce Health Disparities 11.3 Evidence of CBPR Effectiveness and Advancement in CBPR Evaluation 11.4 Case Studies 11.5 Anticipating Challenges and Opportunities in CBPR 11.6 Research Support for CBPR 11.7 Conclusions 11.8 Key Points Disclaimer References
18 12 Racial/Ethnic Health and Healthcare Disparities MeasurementThe Application of the Principles and Methods of Causal Inference 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Aligning Definitions of Disparity with Appropriate Statistical Methods 12.3 A Method of Measuring Healthcare Disparities Incorporating a “Counterfactual” Scenario 12.4 Extending the Use of “Partial Differencing” to Identifying Targets for Health and Healthcare Disparities Reduction Using Decomposition Methods 12.5 Adapting Causal Models to Identify Interventions to Reduce Racial/Ethnic Health Disparities 12.6 Investigating the Meaning of the Race/Ethnicity Coefficient in Regression Models 12.7 Statistical Methods Used to Evaluate Causal Effects in Intervention Studies 12.8 Conclusion and Limitations 12.9 Key Points Disclaimer References
19 13 Small Area Estimation and Bayesian Disease Mapping for Minority Health and Health Disparities 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Basic Statistical Models for Small Area Estimation 13.3 Small Area Estimation: A Brief Practical Guide 13.4 Small Area Estimation for Quantifying Health and Health Disparities of Small Populations 13.5 Bayesian Disease Mapping 13.6 Conclusions 13.7 Key Points Disclaimer Acknowledgments References Further Reading
20 14 Applications of Big Data Science and Analytic Techniques for Health Disparities Research 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Characteristics of Big Data 14.3 Importance of Big Data for Minority Health and Health Disparities Research 14.4 Goals of Big Data Analytics and Opportunities for Health Disparities Research 14.5 Research Methods in Big Data 14.6 Selected Examples Illustrating Best Practices 14.7 Challenges and Opportunities on Big Data Approaches in Health Disparities Research 14.8 Summary and Conclusion 14.9 Key Points Disclaimer References
21 15 Complex Systems Science 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Unique Properties of Minority Health and Health Disparities Research 15.3 Data and Methodological Challenges in Health Disparities Research 15.4 Strong Alignment Between Hypothesized Causes of Minority and Health Disparities and Complex Systems Science Approaches 15.5 Types of Questions that Complex Adaptive Systems Models Can Help Answer 15.6 Elements of a Successful Complex Adaptive Systems Model 15.7 Systems Science as Iterative Research 15.8 Limitations and Challenges 15.9 Key Points Disclaimer References
22 16 Improving Equity in Healthcare through Multilevel Interventions 16.1 What Are Multilevel Interventions? 16.2 Challenges of Multilevel Interventions 16.3 Multilevel Interventions: 2012–2017 16.4 Future Directions 16.5 Case Study to Illustrate Multilevel Interventions 16.6 Key Points Disclaimer References
23 17 Using Implementation Science to Move from Knowledge of Disparities to Achievement of Equity 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Selected Implementation Frameworks Applied to Health Disparities Research 17.3 Best Practices in Health Disparities Implementation Science: Selected Examples 17.4 Challenges and Opportunities for Implementation Science in Health Disparities Research 17.5 Summary and Implications for Future Research, Practice, Policy, and Social Change 17.6 Key Points Disclaimer References
24 18 Healthcare and Public Policy: Challenges and Opportunities for Research 18.1 Summary 18.2 Background/Context 18.3 Key Constructs 18.4 Selected Examples of Healthcare Policy Research 18.5 Non‐Healthcare Policy Research 18.6 Key Challenges 18.7 Future Directions and Opportunities 18.8 Key Points Disclaimer References
25 19 Addressing Disparities in Access to High‐quality Care 19.1 Racial Disparities as a Quality Problem 19.2 Defining Quality and Access 19.3 Examples of Racial Disparities as a Quality Problem 19.4 Addressing Disparities in Access to Quality Care 19.5 Steps to Addressing Healthcare Disparities 19.6 Implement Evidence‐based Strategies to Eliminate Disparities 19.7 Invest in Health Equity Performance Measures 19.8 Incentivize the Reduction of Health Disparities 19.9 Advice for a Healthcare Disparities Researcher 19.10 Conclusion 19.11 Key Points Disclaimer References
26 20 Health Communication as a Mediator of Health and Healthcare Disparities 20.1 Introduction: Scope and Conceptual Framework 20.2 Risk Factors for Health Communication Disparities and Impact on Communication and Health Outcomes 20.3 An Example of Systems‐based Approaches: Creating Health‐Literate Healthcare Systems 20.4 Interventions to Mitigate Other Communication Risk Factors 20.5 Future Directions for Communications Research: Measurement and Implementation 20.6 Key Points Disclaimer References
27 21 Comparative Effectiveness Research in Health Disparity Populations 21.1 Introduction 21.2 Background 21.3 CER Study Designs 21.4 CER Measures 21.5 Approaches to CER 21.6 Applications of CER in Health Disparity Populations 21.7 Social Determinants of Health 21.8 Groups with Particular Needs for CER 21.9 Major Public Health/Policy Interventions as a Result of CER 21.10 Multisectoral Impact of CER on Disparities 21.11 Future Directions of CER 21.12 Key Points Disclaimer References
28 22 The Role of Electronic Health Records and Health Information Technology in Addressing Health Disparities 22.1 Introduction 22.2 Healthcare Data and Electronic Records 22.3 Overview of Health Information Technologies 22.4 Application of Digital Health and Health Information Technologies to Addressing Disparities 22.5 Conclusions: Challenges and Opportunities in Health Information Technologies Implementation 22.6 Key Points Acknowledgments Disclaimer References
29 23 Precision Medicine and Health Disparities 23.1 The Promise of Precision Medicine 23.2 Methods in Precision Medicine and Applications in Health Disparities 23.3 Future Directions and Research Needs 23.4 Genomic Health Literacy 23.5 Success in Precision Medicine 23.6 Conclusion 23.7 Key Points Acknowledgments Disclaimer References
30 24 Recruitment, Inclusion, and Diversity in Clinical Trials 24.1 Background/Context 24.2 Understanding Barriers to Inclusion in Clinical Research 24.3 Best Practices for Optimizing Inclusion in Clinical Research 24.4 Future Directions and Research Needs 24.5 Conclusion 24.6 Key Points Disclaimer References
31 25 Sexual and Gender Minority Health DisparitiesConcepts, Methods, and Future Directions 25.1 Introduction to the Topic, Including Key Definitions 25.2 How and Why This Topic is Important to Minority Health and Health Disparities Research 25.3 Most Relevant Measures and Research Methods Used and Recommended 25.4 Selected Examples of the State of the Science to Illustrate Best Practices 25.5 Challenges and Future Opportunities 25.6 Summary 25.7 Key Points Disclaimer References
32 26 Workforce Diversity and Capacity Building to Address Health Disparities 26.1 Background 26.2 Introduction 26.3 Diversity in the US Scientific and Health Workforce 26.4 Diversity and Health Disparities: What Are the Links? 26.5 Methodological Approaches to Understanding Workforce Diversity and Health Disparities 26.6 Closing Thoughts 26.7 Key Points Acknowledgments Disclaimer References
33 Index
