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Complications in Equine Surgery

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Страница 1 Table of Contents List of Tables List of Illustrations Guide Pages Страница 7Страница 8Страница 9Страница 10 Preface Acknowledgements Страница 13 1 Surgical Complications Overview List of Complications Associated with Surgery: Morbidity and Mortality Surgical Checklists Perioperative Consequences to Surgical Trauma Metabolic and Nutritional Effects Neuroendocrine Systemic Inflammatory Response Pain Impact of Host Factors and Comorbid Conditions References 2 Complications of Parenteral Administration of Drugs Overview List of Complications Associated with the Parenteral Administration of Drugs: Intramuscular Administration Anatomical and Procedural Considerations Local Muscle Reaction: From Mild Inflammation to Abscess Formation Clostridial Myonecrosis Intra‐Synovial Administration Post‐Injection Synovitis and Lameness Medication Errors References 3 Complications of Intravascular Injection and Catheterization Overview List of Complications Associated with Intravascular Injection and Catheterization Anatomic Considerations Perivascular Swelling and Inflammation Intra‐Arterial Injection or Catheterization Catheter‐Related: Difficult or Incorrect Placement, Dislodgement and Loss of Patency Thrombophlebitis Intravascular Foreign Bodies Vascular Air Embolism/Bleeding References 4 Complications of Endoscopy Overview List of Complications Associated with Endoscopy Epistaxis/Mucosal Trauma Equipment Damage Insufflation‐related complications Air Embolism References 5 Complications of Nasogastric Intubation Overview List of Complications Associated with Nasogastric Intubation Epistaxis Misplacement of Tube Esophageal/Pharyngeal Trauma Fragmentation of Tube Administration of Fluid into Lungs Sinusitis References 6 Complications of Fluid Therapy List of Complications Associated with Fluid Therapy Fluid Overload Using Crystalloid Solutions Complications Associated with the Type of Crystalloid Fluid Infused Sodium Imbalance Potassium Imbalance Other Electrolyte Imbalances Complications Due to Administration of Sodium Bicarbonate Complications Due to Glucose‐/Dextrose‐Containing Fluids Complications Associated with Intravascular Plasma Administration Immunological Reactions Type of plasma Administration of plasma Other Diagnosis Treatment Expected outcome Non‐Immunogenic Complications Bacterial contamination Transmission of disease Serum Hepatitis Circulatory overload Storage‐associated changes Complications Associated with Administration of Colloid Therapy Complications of Enteral Fluid Therapy Complications Due to Administration Setup Complications Due to Volume of Fluid Used Complication Due to Type of Fluid Used Complications Associated with Administration of Parenteral Nutrition Solutions Catheter‐Associated Complications Metabolic Aberrations Complications Due to Withholding of Enteral Feeding References 7 Complications Associated with Hemorrhage Overview List of Complications Associated with Hemorrhage Intraoperative Hemorrhage Local treatment Fluid therapy and blood transfusion Adjunctive systemic treatment Expected outcome Postoperative Hemorrhage References 8 Complications of Blood Transfusion Overview Complications Associated with Blood transfusion Immune Reactions Hemolytic Transfusion Reactions Allergic and Febrile Reactions Transfusion‐Related Acute Lung Injury Nonimmune Reactions Volume Overload Transfusion‐Transmitted Infections RBC Storage Lesion References 9 Complications Associated with Sutures Overview List of Complications Associated with Sutures Dehiscence Definition Risk factors Pathogenesis Infection Suture placement Poor knotting technique Inappropriate suture material Premature suture removal Improper suture needle selection Inadequate suture line tension Excessive suture line tension Dead space Suturing of nonviable tissue Inappropriate support and immobilization of a suture line Prevention Diagnosis Treatment Expected outcome Infection Without Dehiscence Suture Reactions Suture material Inappropriately large suture Excessive suture material Inappropriate suture technique Prevention Diagnosis Treatment Expected outcome Ligature Loop Failure Suture material Suture size Inappropriate ligation knotting Inappropriate ligation placement Tissue bulk Prevention Diagnosis Treatment Expected outcome References 10 Complications of Bone Graft Harvesting, Handling, and Implantation Overview List of Complications Associated with Bone Grafts Intraoperative Complications Reduced Viability of the Graft Monitoring Treatment Expected outcome Early Postoperative Complications Morbidity Associated with Incision at Donor Site Fracture at Donor Site Pneumothorax/Hemothorax Late Postoperative Complications Suboptimal Integration of Bone Graft References 11 Complications of Cryosurgery Overview List of Complications Associated with Cryosurgery Intraoperative Complications Inadequate Choice of Cryosurgical Equipment and Technique "Run‐off " of Cryogen Early Postoperative Complications Bleeding after Cryosurgery Excessive Local Edema and Pain Excessive Tissue Necrosis Late Postoperative Complications Tumor Recurrence References 12 Complications of Laser Surgery Overview List of Complications Associated with Laser Surgery Laser Physics and Tissue Interaction Lasers Commonly Used in Veterinary Surgery Carbon Dioxide Laser Neodymium Yttrium Aluminum Garnet (Nd:YAG) and Gallium Aluminum Arsenide (GAA) Diode Lasers Laser Safety Specific Complications of Laser Surgery in Horses Patient Complications General surgery Prevention Pathogenesis Endoscopic Laser Surgery Prevention Pathogenesis Tarsal arthrodesis complications Prevention Equipment Complications Definition Risk factors Pathogenesis Prevention Summary Reference 13 Complications of Systemic Analgesic Drugs Overview List of Complications associated with systemic analgesic drugs Intra‐Op Complications Bradyarrythmias Anaphylactoid Reaction Negative Effect on Recovery from General Anesthesia Alpha‐2 adrenergic agonists: excessive sedation and ataxia Definition Risk factors Pathogenesis Prevention Diagnosis Treatment Expected outcome Ketamine: excitement and emergence hallucination Definition Risk factors Pathogenesis Prevention Diagnosis Treatment Expected outcome Lidocaine: ataxia and visual dysfunction Definition Risk factors Pathogenesis Prevention Diagnosis Treatment Expected outcome Postop complications Opioids: Excitement Ileus References 14 Complications of Loco‐Regional Anesthesia Overview List of Complications Associated with Loco‐Regional Anesthesia General Complications Vascular Puncture Nerve Injury Myotoxicity Chondrotoxicity Allergic Reactions Complications Related to Specific Loco‐Regional Blocks Epidural Analgesia Ataxia/recumbency Definition Risk factors Pathogenesis Prevention Diagnosis Treatment Expected outcome Infection inside the spinal canal Definition Risk factors Pathogenesis Prevention Diagnosis Treatment Expected outcome Pruritus Definition Risk factors Pathogenesis Prevention Diagnosis Treatment Expected outcome Retrobulbar Blocks Brainstem anesthesia Definition Risk factors Pathogenesis Prevention Diagnosis Treatment Expected outcome Inferior Alveolar Nerve Block (Maxillary block) Self‐inflicted lingual trauma Definition Risk factors Pathogenesis Prevention Diagnosis Treatment Expected outcome Intravenous Regional Anesthesia (IVRA) Tourniquet failure Definition Risk factors Pathogenesis Prevention Diagnosis Treatment Expected outcome Local and systemic effects of tourniquet ischemia Definition Risk factors Pathogenesis Prevention Diagnosis Treatment Expected outcome References 15 Complications of Sedative and Anesthesia Medications Overview List of Complications Associated with Sedative and Anesthesia Medications Complications During Standing Sedation Complications During General Anesthesia Unanticipated Movement Hypotension Cardiac Arrhythmias Hypoventilation Hypoxemia Aberrations in Body Temperature Complications During Anesthetic Recovery Poor Recovery Quality Other Complications Associated with Sedative and Anesthetic Drugs Increased Urine Output Blood Glucose Abnormalities Decreased Gastrointestinal Motility Summary References {buyButton}

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