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1 Chapter 2Figure 2.1 (a) Octahedron, truncated octahedron, and cube with the same volu...Figure 2.2 Schematic of the effect of solvent and capping agents on the morp...Figure 2.3 Side view of anatase TiO₂ {101} and {001} facets. Top view for ad...Figure 2.4 Calculated UV–visible extinction (black), absorption (red), and s...Figure 2.5 (a) Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image of a BiVO₄ single cr...Figure 2.6 Diagram of how the facets engineering affects the selectivity and...

2 Chapter 3Figure 3.1 Schematic drawing of a general electrochemical setup with basic c...Figure 3.2 Schematic diagram of the growth mechanism for anodized metal foil...Figure 3.3 Typical current profile under a constant applied anodization volt...Figure 3.4 SEM images of the simple metal oxides obtained through anodizatio...Figure 3.5 Different modes of current density for electrodeposition (a) dire...Figure 3.6 Schematic illustration of electrophoretic deposition process: (a)...Figure 3.7 Schematic illustration of the apparatus for combined electrophore...

3 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 Structure of graphene oxide based on the Lerf–Klinowski model....Figure 4.2 Structure of some 2D structures related to graphene: (A) graphene...Figure 4.3 (a) Gradual transformation of nanodiamond to onion‐like carbon at...Figure 4.4 Hydrothermal carbon spheres (a) and noble metal@carbon core–shell...Figure 4.5 Relevant techniques optimized to prepare engineered catalysts on ...Figure 4.7 Different precursors to prepare nitrogen‐coordinated SACs. (a) Ir...

4 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 Illustration of building up of the band in the bulk metal startin...Figure 5.2 Illustration of selecting specific cluster species using quadrupo...Figure 5.3 Size‐dependent overall CO oxidation reactivity of gold clusters, ...Figure 5.4 Structures of Au₈ (left), Au₉ (middle), and Au₁₁ (right) in space...Figure 5.5 Illustration of the size regimes and particle size distributions ...Figure 5.6 High‐resolution electron microscopy images (a1–c1) and (a2–c2) of...Figure 5.7 Bar chart comparing the activity and selectivity of the Ru₅PtSn c...

5 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 Prices of different bricks with a size of 20 × 10 × 5 cm³. (a) A ...Figure 6.2 Schematic illustration of improvement of selectivity to butenes o...Figure 6.3 High‐resolution TEM and energy dispersive X‐ray (EDX) line scans ...Figure 6.4 Schematic drawing of size‐selected cluster deposition apparatus a...Figure 6.5 (a, b) HAADF‐STEM images of Pt₁/FeO _x . (c) The k ³‐weighted Fourier...Figure 6.6 Schematic illustrations of Pt ALD mechanism on graphene nanosheet...Figure 6.7 (a) HAADF‐STEM and (b) magnified HAADF‐STEM images of Rh₁/VO₂....Figure 6.8 (A) HAADF‐STEM image of Ag₁/HMO. (B) Three‐dimensional projected ...

6 Chapter 7Scheme 7.1 Acid sites generated by the presence of aluminum in zeolite struc...Scheme 7.2 Characteristic configurations of (a) linkage, (b) chains in MFI z...Figure 7.1 Three different types of shape selectivity in zeolites. (a) React...Figure 7.2 Schematic summarizing the advantages of hierarchical zeolites. (S...Figure 7.3 Schematic representation of various hierarchical zeolite formatio...Figure 7.4 Growth of zeolite crystals around carbon particles. A hierarchica...Figure 7.5 Schematic illustration of the synthesis principle for mesoporous ...Figure 7.6 Structural difference between (a) SBA‐15/CMK‐3 and (b) SBA‐15/CMK...Figure 7.7 TEM images of 3DOm‐i (a) LTA, (b) FAU, (c) BEA, and (d) LTL, grow...Figure 7.8 Conceptual strategy for the preparation of hierarchically structu...Figure 7.9 (a) Molecular structure of diquaternary ammonium surfactant with ...Figure 7.10 (a) 18–N₃–18 surfactant (white spheres, hydrogen; gray spheres, ...Figure 7.11 Conceptual approach to the synthesis of a zeolite with intracrys...Figure 7.12 Schematic illustration of the formation of mesopores via (1) Al ...Figure 7.13 Schematic representation of the influence of Al content on the d...Figure 7.14 TEM micrographs of parent and alkaline‐treated silicalite‐1: (a)...

7 Chapter 8Figure 8.1 From a coordination compound to an MOF. (a) Structure and geometr...Figure 8.2 Structure and chemical composition of HKUST‐1 (a) and MOF‐5...Figure 8.3 Structure of MIL‐101 (a), UiO‐66 (b), and MOF‐74...Figure 8.4 How to construct the SBU structure of MOF‐5: (a) the [Zn₄O]Figure 8.5 A schematic illustration on how to build isoreticular MOFs to tun...Figure 8.6 Tools to build active sites within MOFs. A target active site is ...Figure 8.7 Summary of the possible catalytic sites found and build with and ...

8 Chapter 9Scheme 9.1 Overview of hierarchical and anisotropic nanostructured catalysts...Scheme 9.2 Bottom‐up and top‐down approaches to synthesizing carbon‐based na...Figure 9.1 Field‐emission high‐resolution scanning electron microscopy (FE‐H...Figure 9.2 (a–c) High‐resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR‐TEM) i...Figure 9.3 Schematic of bimetallic Janus NP synthesis employing interfacial ...Figure 9.4 (a) Hydrogen production over Janus and core–shell Au/TiO₂ NPs, am...Figure 9.5 (a) Flower morphology of bismuth subcarbonate.(b) Sea urchin ...Figure 9.6 Spatially orthogonal functionalization of hierarchical macroporou...Figure 9.7 Schematic and electron micrographs of Au–Pd/3DOM LSMO catalyst....Figure 9.8 HAADF‐STEM images of (a–c) Rh/3DOM LNAO, (d–f) Rh–Ni/3DOM LAO, an...

9 Chapter 10Figure 10.1 Aerosol particle formation via the droplet‐to‐particle and gas‐t...Figure 10.2 Schematic of the configuration of flame aerosol reactors, includ...Figure 10.3 (a) Schematic of the tube‐enclosed FSP configuration with contro...Figure 10.4 Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images of (a) rhombohedra...Figure 10.5 TEM images of FSP‐derived (a) pristine CeO₂, as well as the CuO/...Figure 10.6 (a) Cobalt‐time‐yield (CTY) of the two Co/Al₂O₃ catalysts prepar...Figure 10.7 (a) Temperature‐programmed reduction (H₂‐TPR) of FSP‐prepared CoFigure 10.8 Glucose conversion and products yields over FSP‐prepared amorpho...Figure 10.9 (a) X‐ray diffraction (XRD) spectra of as‐prepared BiVO₄ at diff...

10 Chapter 11Figure 11.1 A band structure of a semiconductor photocatalyst and thermodyna...Figure 11.2 Process of water splitting on a semiconductor photocatalyst.Figure 11.3 A band structure of a metal oxide photocatalyst.Figure 11.4 Relative band structures of vanadate, niobate, and tantalite.Figure 11.5 Band structures of SrTiO₃ and Rh‐doped SrTiO₃ in the dark and un...Figure 11.6 Band structures of (a) Cr‐ and Sb‐codoped SrTiO₃ and (b) Cr‐dope...Figure 11.7 Band structures of (a) Cu(Li_1/3Ti_2/3)O₂, (b) BiVO₄, and (c) SnNbFigure 11.8 Band structures of ZnS, (AgIn) _x Zn_2(1−x)S₂, and AgInS₂.

11 Chapter 12Figure 12.1 Representative physicochemical events showing the complexity of ...Figure 12.2 Three major gaps (material gap, temperature gap, and pressure ga...

12 Chapter 13Figure 13.1 Illustration of a dispersed technical catalyst consisting of a h...Figure 13.2 Schematic view of a scanning tunneling microscope.Figure 13.3 A diffuse reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (D...Figure 13.4 (A) STM images of compressed CO adlayers on Pt(111) obtained at ...Figure 13.5 Au{100}‐hex reconstructed surface under catalytic conditions. A ...Figure 13.6 Temperature‐programmed desorption spectra of O₂ from a Pt(110) s...Figure 13.7 A series of high‐pressure STM images acquired during CO oxidatio...Figure 13.8 Proposed high‐coverage 1.5 ML CO/TiO₂ structure generates PBE‐si...Figure 13.9 Schematic picture of possible formate (HCOO⁻) structures o...Figure 13.10 Infrared spectra of formate ions (HCOO⁻) adsorbed on diff...Figure 13.11 STM image of air‐exposed TiO₂(110) surface. The inset image is ...Figure 13.12 (A) Operando DRIFT spectra acquired during photooxidation of pr...Figure 13.13 (a) Schematic illustration of the CO oxidation on a supported f...Figure 13.14 Normalized activity at 850 K of the 2.8 nm Pt nanoparticle vs. ...

13 Chapter 14Figure 14.1 (a) Schematic diagram of a window‐type environmental specimen ho...Figure 14.2 (a) Schematic diagram of a differential pumping‐type microscope ...Figure 14.3 Schematic diagram of specimen holders for gas‐phase in situ obse...Figure 14.4 (a) (A–F) Sequential in situ TEM images of reversible formation ...Figure 14.5 Typical specimen preparation techniques classifying into (a) sel...

14 Chapter 15Figure 15.1 3D rendering of (a) solid aerogel body (gray), (b) total extract...Figure 15.2 Schematic representation of XRD‐CT data collection strategy and ...Figure 15.3 Comparison of information from XRD‐CT and PDF‐CT by Jacques et a...Figure 15.4 (ii) 3D images of the Pt density and (ii‐CS) their cross‐section...Figure 15.5 (a) Vertical and (b) horizontal orthoslices of Δμ ₀. (c) 3D ...Figure 15.6 Reconstructed map of pores (blue), zeolite (red), and amorphous ...

15 Chapter 16Figure 16.1 Difference between single‐molecule measurements and ensemble mea...Figure 16.2 Jablonski diagram illustrating the principle of fluorescence. Ab...Figure 16.3 Schematic of the epifluorescence microscope. After passing throu...Figure 16.4 Schematic representation of major approaches that can be followe...Figure 16.5 Schematic comparison of CLSM and WFM setups. In the WFM setup th...Figure 16.6 Schematic representation of the super‐resolution localization fl...Figure 16.7 Fluorescence microscopy investigations of catalytic performance ...

16 Chapter 17Figure 17.1 (Left) Alignment of the electron spin angular momentum with the ...Figure 17.2 Influence of magnetic field intensity on the EPR spectrum of a p...Figure 17.3 The components of a Bruker EMX^Plus cw‐EPR spectrometer.Figure 17.4 Reflected microwave power from a resonant cavity.Figure 17.5 Setup of in situ EPR studies of Cu‐zeolite catalysts for SCR rea...Figure 17.6 (a) EPR spectrum of Cu‐CHA (Cu/Al = 0.09) after dehydration. The...Figure 17.7 EPR spectra of intermediate radicals (430 K) and high‐temperatur...

17 Chapter 18Figure 18.1 The IR spectrum. (a) Single‐beam reference spectrum (I ₀) and sin...Figure 18.2 IR spectroscopy: (a) transmission, (b) attenuated total reflecti...Figure 18.3 (a) Series of transmission IR spectra of liquid toluene as a fun...Figure 18.4 Geometry of an ATR‐IR experiment considering a solid sample atta...Figure 18.5 DRIFT spectra of V₂O₅–WO₃–TiO₂ obtained using (a) reflecting mir...Figure 18.6 The fraction of linear coordinated CO increases with decreasing ...Figure 18.7 DRIFT spectra of CO adsorbed on various Pd/Al₂O₃ samples: (a) 10...Figure 18.8 (a) Transmission IR spectra of CO adsorbed on Pd(111), Pd(100), ...Figure 18.9 Examples of cells for in situ/operando transmission (a) and (b),...Figure 18.10 (a) Geometry of a monolithic sample for a transmission IR exper...Figure 18.11 DRIFT spectra collected while feeding (a, b) CO₂ and (c) CO₂ + ...Figure 18.12 (a) ATR‐IR spectra obtained in a flow of benzyl alcohol solutio...

18 Chapter 19Figure 19.1 X‐ray absorption and emission processes schematically depicted f...Figure 19.2 Transmission of X‐rays through different materials as a function...Figure 19.3 (a) Normalized Cr K‐edge XAS of Na₂CrO₄ indicating XANES and EXA...Figure 19.4 Cu K‐edge XANES of Cu‐SSZ‐13 catalyst at different delay time af...Figure 19.5 Fourier transform magnitude of the k ²‐weighted EXAFS spectra for...Figure 19.6 X‐ray emission spectrometer in von Hamos geometry (a) and applic...Figure 19.7 ctc‐XES (Kα and Kβ main lines) and vtc‐XES (Kβ satellite lines) ...Figure 19.8 The vtc‐XES (Kβ satellite lines) of Cr metal (a), CrB (b), Cr₃C₂ Figure 19.9 RXES plane of 1.5 wt% Pt/CeO₂ measured in 1% carbon monoxide at ...Figure 19.10 Examples of flow reactors suitable for operando X‐ray spectrosc...Figure 19.11 Time‐resolved chemical speciation of copper in the Cu‐SSZ‐13 ca...Figure 19.12 Experimental setup (a), time‐resolved Ce 2p_3/23d_5/2 RXES of 1.5...Figure 19.13 Fourier transform Co K‐edge EXAFS spectra for the BSCF electrod...

19 Chapter 20Figure 20.1 Illustration of sensitivity and selectivity issues in the detect...Figure 20.2 Typical profile of active species responding to the stimulation....Figure 20.3 Schematic illustration of sensitivity enhancement by PSD. A(t): ...Figure 20.4 (a) Time‐resolved X‐ray absorption spectra at the Rh K‐edge reco...Figure 20.5 (a) Flow scheme of a typical SSITKA setup and normalized transie...Figure 20.6 Relative intensity of ¹³CO₂(g) (•) and of ¹²C‐containing surface...Figure 20.7 Multivariate analysis to identify spectroscopically “pure” compo...Figure 20.8 (a) Evolution of surface carbonyl species on Pt/TiO₂ during on/o...

20 Chapter 21Scheme 21.1 (a) Jablonski energy diagram, illustrating the excitation and th...Figure 21.1 The schematic layout in the pump pulse experiment. The pump puls...Figure 21.2 Schematic diagram presenting (a) the electron transfer of TiO₂ p...Figure 21.3 Transient absorption spectrum recorded in N₂ environment (black ...Figure 21.4 Transient absorption decays were recorded under inert N₂ environ...Figure 21.5 The normalized transient absorption decays recorded in an inert ...Scheme 21.2 Schematic diagrams of the photocatalytic mechanism of (a) mesopo...Figure 21.6 Transient absorption decays of the reduced intermediate ReP⁻...Scheme 21.3 Proposed photocatalytic mechanism of a Re‐based photocatalyst (R...Figure 21.7 Schematic diagram of the experimental setup for TRPL spectroscop...Figure 21.8 Operating principle of the streak tube.Figure 21.9 (a) The schematic diagram of electron transfer of dye‐sensitized...Figure 21.10 Schematic diagram of flash photolysis time‐resolved microwave c...Figure 21.11 TRMC decay curve under excitation wavelength at 355 nm (black) ...Figure 21.12 Schematic diagram of photocatalytic H₂ reduction of (a) metal–N...

21 Chapter 22Figure 22.1 Different length scales and time scales of simulations.

22 Chapter 23Figure 23.1 Schematic diagram for the self‐consistent field calculations whe...Figure 23.2 “Jacob's ladder” of functional development.Figure 23.3 Side view and top view of the adsorption geometry on Pt(111) for...Figure 23.4 (A) Possible mechanism of the oxidation of a surface S to SO42−...Figure 23.5 (a) Side view of the bio‐inspired hydrogen‐producing catalyst. (...

23 Chapter 24Figure 24.1 Schematic illustration of the free energy profile for an element...Figure 24.2 Schematic illustration of using thermodynamic integration to cal...Figure 24.3 Schematic illustration of using umbrella sampling to calculate t...Figure 24.4 Schematic illustration of using metadynamics to calculate the fr...Figure 24.5 NN architecture proposed by Behler and Parrinello. r _N is the Car...Figure 24.6 (a) The atomic structure for TiO₂/H₂O interface. Red balls: O. G...Figure 24.7 (a) 90 ps MD trajectory of energy for TiO₂/H₂O interface in NVT ...Figure 24.8 (a) The top red line is the free energy profile for *CO + *OH → ...

24 Chapter 25Figure 25.1 Modern electrocatalysts based on transition metal alloy chemistr...Figure 25.2 Depending on the type of thermodynamic wall being considered, we...Figure 25.3 Two subsystems contained in adiabatic enclosures with different ...Figure 25.4 The procedure for computing the Legendre transform of a function...Figure 25.5 The electric double layer consists of a charged electrode surfac...Figure 25.6 Electrostatic potential profiles for the (a) Helmholtz, (b) Gouy...Figure 25.7 Representative differential capacitance plots for the (a) Helmho...Figure 25.8 The finite charges placed on the silver‐covered gold (100) slab ...Figure 25.9 (a) Variation in PZCs of silver‐covered Au(100). (b) Variation i...Figure 25.10 (a) Variation in the silver monolayer binding energies on Au(10...

25 Chapter 26Figure 26.1 Schematic diagram of typical semiconductor photocatalytic mechan...Figure 26.2 Time‐dependent changes of the occupation of the Kohn–Sham states...

26 Chapter 27Figure 27.1 Scheme of the functioning of one‐step photocatalytic water split...Figure 27.2 Representation of the occupancy of energy levels in case of noni...Figure 27.3 Representation of the occupancy of energy levels in case of noni...Figure 27.4 Experimental and theoretical electronic band gaps for series of ...Figure 27.5 Electronic densities of states calculated with the DFT and the Figure 27.6 Imaginary part of the complex dielectric functional calculated w...

27 Chapter 28Figure 28.1 Flowchart of computational catalyst design based on DFT calculat...Figure 28.2 Reaction network for CO₂ reduction reaction producing CH₃OH with...Figure 28.3 General linear scaling relations plotted between adsorption ener...Figure 28.4 Limiting potentials, corrected from reaction free energies, for ...Figure 28.5 (a) The dissociation activation barrier against reaction enthalp...Figure 28.6 (a) Predicted activity of ORR on 1D Pt/Rh(111) surfaces based on...Figure 28.7 Scaling relations of adsorption energies for all the adsorbates ...Figure 28.8 BEP relations of adsorption energies for all the adsorbates on t...Figure 28.9 Activity volcano map as a function of relevant descriptors (adso...Figure 28.10 (a) Computational high‐throughput screening for adsorption free...Figure 28.11 (a) Adsorption energy calculated from the bond‐counting contrib...Figure 28.12 (a) Adsorption energies of CO on step (211) surfaces as a funct...Figure 28.13 (a) Schematic of the machine learning algorithm. (b) Predicted ...

28 Chapter 29Figure 29.1 Heterogeneous catalysis bridges sciences and energy/environmenta...

29 Chapter 30Figure 30.1 Illustration of the electrolysis cell for electrochemical water ...Figure 30.2 Operation principles of ALKWE, PEMWE, and SOEWE. The overall wat...Figure 30.3 Comparison of liquid electrolyte water electrolysis with convent...Figure 30.4 Schematic representation of a water splitting electrolyzer. (a) ...Figure 30.5 Four innovative strategies for nonconventional liquid water elec...Figure 30.6 (a) Water oxidation schematic diagram based on NiFe hydroxide su...Figure 30.7 Maximal average activity of cobalt‐ and nickel‐containing triads...Figure 30.8 (a) Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and (b) transmission elec...Figure 30.9 Crustal abundance of most used metals for HER electrocatalysts....Figure 30.10 Two‐dimensional representation of crystalline 2H polytype MoS₂ ...

30 Chapter 31Figure 31.1 Basic concept of band gap narrowing of mixed anion compounds, as...Figure 31.2 (a) UV–visible diffuse reflectance spectra of Ta₂O₅, TaON, and T...Figure 31.3 Basic principle of overall water splitting using two different s...Figure 31.4 (a) UV–visible diffuse reflectance spectra and (b) band‐edge pot...Figure 31.5 Transient absorption spectra for TiO₂:N and TiO₂:Ta,N excited wi...Figure 31.6 Rates of solar‐driven H₂ and O₂ evolution from mixtures of an ox...Figure 31.7 Results of STEM observations for TiO₂:N,F. (a, b) High‐angle ann...Figure 31.8 UV–visible diffuse reflectance spectra of TiO₂:N,F obtained by n...Figure 31.9 Time course of H₂ and O₂ evolution from mixtures of RuO₂/TiO₂:N,...Figure 31.10 (a) Crystal structure of Pb₂Ti₂O_5.4F_1.2. The annotations indica...Figure 31.11 (a) Total and partial DOS of Pb₂Ti₂O_5.4F_1.2. In Pb₂Ti₂O_5.4F_1.2,...

31 Chapter 32Figure 32.1 (a) An exploding hydrogen‐filled balloon. Source: Maxim Bilovits...Figure 32.2 (a) Schematic diagram of a modern PEFC. (b) The first fuel cell,...Figure 32.3 (a) Schematic of the triple phase boundary in Grove’s fuel cell....Figure 32.4 (a) Estimated cost of components of a PEFC stack at different pr...Figure 32.5 Summary of the different degradation mechanisms of platinum nano...Figure 32.6 (a) Schematic of a three‐electrode electrochemical cell. (b) Typ...Figure 32.7 (a) Diagram of a rotating disk electrode (RDE). (b) Typical line...Figure 32.8 (a) Start–stop potential cycling protocol and (b) load potential...Figure 32.9 (a) Schematic diagram of an MEA in a simple cell holder. (b) Exp...Figure 32.10 Typical current–voltage (I–V) characteristics of a membrane ele...Figure 32.11 (a) Cyclic voltammograms and (b) linear sweep voltammograms for...Figure 32.12 (a) Cyclic voltammograms, (b) linear sweep voltammograms and (c...Figure 32.13 (a) Proposed active site in Fe–N–C electrocatalysts. (b) Transm...

32 Chapter 33Figure 33.1 Comparison between the current refinery and biorefinery. (See on...Figure 33.2 Biofuels produced from lignocellulosic biomass via biological an...Figure 33.3 Main routes for biofuel production‐derived lignocellulosic bioma...Figure 33.4 Design of steps for optimization of a heterogeneous catalytic pr...Figure 33.5 One‐pot EMF production from different feedstocks.Figure 33.6 Mechanism of DMF formation from HMF.Figure 33.7 Schematic representation of biphasic reaction system for GVL pro...

33 Chapter 34Figure 34.1 Structure of lignocellulosic biomass with cellulose, hemicellulo...Figure 34.2 Synthesis of platform chemicals from biomass.Figure 34.3 Schematic drawings of zeolite β framework (a) and an open site (...Figure 34.4 Conversions of carbohydrates to value‐added chemicals and their ...Scheme 34.1 Synthesis of polyethylene 2,5‐furandicarboxylate (a) and polyeth...Figure 34.5 Schematic drawing of Mg–Al layered double hydroxides. (See onlin...Scheme 34.2 Synthesis of FDCA from HMF or an acetal derivative of HMF.Figure 34.6 Computed reaction energy diagram for the rate‐determining step d...Figure 34.7 Diels–Alder cycloaddition of dimethylfuran [1] and ethylene prod...Figure 34.8 Synthesis of p‐xylene through Diels–Alder cycloaddition of reduc...Figure 34.9 Schematic representation of reaction network in which ketohexose...Figure 34.10 Current and new chemical process for making lactide and polylac...

34 Chapter 35Figure 35.1 The main motivations to use high‐pressure conditions for heterog...Figure 35.2 Equilibrium CO₂ conversion (a) and methanol selectivity (b) at d...Figure 35.3 (a) Liquid product formation during methanol synthesis from syng...Figure 35.4 The depiction of process intensification by using microreactor (...Figure 35.5 The schematic showing a shell‐and‐tube membrane with countercurr...

35 Chapter 36Figure 36.1 Qualitative reaction scheme for CO₂ conversion.Figure 36.2 Scheme of the CO₂ electrochemical reduction process and differen...Figure 36.3 Volcano plots: (a) volcano plot for carbon dioxide reduction on ...Figure 36.4 Filter‐press electrochemical cell with a GDE configuration.Figure 36.5 Photoinduced generation of electron–hole pairs in CO₂ reduction ...Figure 36.6 Band gap energies for common semiconductors materials relative t...Figure 36.7 Scheme for a (a) slurry reactor with top illumination, (b) optic...Figure 36.8 Representation of a (a) photocathode–dark anode, (b) photoanode–...

36 Chapter 37Figure 37.1 Schematic illustration of semiconductor‐based photocatalytic pro...Figure 37.2 (a) Donor level, (b) acceptor level, (c) mid‐gap states formed b...Figure 37.3 (a) Semiconductor structures according to the structural dimensi...Figure 37.4 Design concepts for solar water photocatalytic reactors: (a) con...

37 Chapter 38Figure 38.1 Catalytic activity profiles for NH₃‐SCR of NO _x over Cu zeolites....Figure 38.2 Hexagonal unit cell of an SSZ‐13 zeolite (dashed lines) illustra...Figure 38.3 Schematic of the SSZ‐13 hexagonal unit cell structure and possib...Figure 38.4 Partial density of state (PDOS) of Cu 3d states in (a) ZCu and (...Figure 38.5 Proposed overall SCR scheme as a function of the NO₂/NO _x ratio a...