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4.3.6 Dry Mechanical Methods

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There is direct formation of noble metal nanoparticles (<5 nm size) on CNT by high‐energy ball milling of a mixture of CNT and acetate precursor [48]. In fact, transition metal CUS on graphene can be achieved, for example, through the mechanochemical ball milling of graphene and phthalocyanine precursors [49]. Ball milling supplies the activation energy necessary to form bonds between the nitrogen atoms of phthalocyanine with dangling carbon atoms at the defects of graphene. This method is aggressive to the support, forming defects on the materials or decreasing the particle size. Accordingly, it is only applicable to carbon supports in powder form, which could be subsequently pelletized or structured macroscopically, if necessary.

Heterogeneous Catalysts

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