Читать книгу Biological Mechanisms of Tooth Movement - Группа авторов - Страница 26

Orthodontic treatment has been practiced for 2000–3000 years, but the last century‐and‐a‐half has witnessed major advances in the accumulation of meaningful biological information, which facilitates the formulation of hypotheses that help in the design, explanation, and improvement of clinical procedures. These hypotheses focus on the biological nature of the physical and biochemical events, which occur in teeth and their surrounding tissues following the administration of mechanical forces. Among the chief hypotheses are those related to creation of tissue strain and electrical signals that stimulate the cells in the regions affected by these forces. These studies revealed extensive cellular activities in the mechanically stressed periodontal ligament, involving neurons, immune cells, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, osteoblasts, osteoclasts, osteocytes, and endosteal cells. Moreover, mechanical stresses were found to alter the structural properties of tissues at the cellular, molecular, and genetic levels. The rapid reactions occurring at the initial stage of mechanotherapy, and slower adaptive changes at the later stages of treatment, have attracted increasing attention. This chapter addresses the evolutionary traits of the development of concepts pertaining to the biology of orthodontic tooth movement.