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The oral mucosal involvement with GVHD frequently leads to extreme xerostomia, often resulting in pain secondary to aphthous‐like ulcers [27]. Erythema within lichenoid plaques of the buccal mucosa is diagnostic of cGVHD; however, a biopsy is frequently required to exclude the presence of co‐infections or oral cancers. Oral cGVHD along with skin cGVHD can result in difficulty opening the mouth (similar to the manifestations of oral scleroderma), which can lead to many complications, including malnutrition and poor dental health. Complete loss of taste can also happen in oral cGVHD, which may further decrease QoL significantly. Prompt recognition of early oral cGVHD and referral to oral surgery for localized treatments (along with systemic therapy) may help in preventing the above‐mentioned complications.

Late dental complications may arise as a result of TBI, chemotherapy, oral cGVHD, DM, or corticosteroid therapy [28]. Common effects include dental caries, endodontic disease, and periodontal disease. General principles of dental care of cancer patients should be adopted [44]. Detailed management options are given in Chapter 17.