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Management of Symptomatic Walled‐off Necrosis Indications and Timing for Intervention

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Prior to undertaking drainage and debridement of WON, careful review in a multidisciplinary format is paramount. Regardless of the initial approach decided in an individual patient, appropriate interdisciplinary discussion is critical, with team approaches comprising gastroenterologists, interventional radiologists, pancreaticobiliary surgeons, and nutritionists. Regardless of the size of the collection, patients who are asymptomatic should not undergo interventions. This can only lead to complications. The indications for intervention on WON include symptoms of abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting, early satiety, and decreased oral intake; luminal obstruction including gastric outlet obstruction or pancreaticobiliary obstruction; or those with persistent infection despite broad‐spectrum intravenous antibiotics. It is important to remember that empiric broad‐spectrum intravenous antibiotics should be administered in patients with concern for infected necrosis prior to consideration for debridement. Conservative management with supportive care and intravenous antibiotics may frequently be able to effectively avoid the need for necrosectomy [13,14]. Historically, WON was managed surgically with multiple operative procedures required and associated significant morbidity. While endoscopic drainage of PP was first reported in 1985, endoscopic interventions for WON were not initially described until 1996, in which endoscopic drainage and debridement of necrosis was reported. Subsequently, Siefert and colleagues [15,16] in Germany reported endoscopic retroperitoneal necrosectomy in 2000. It cannot be stressed enough that endoscopic necrosectomy must be delayed until a clearly defined wall has developed, as rates of success for drainage and debridement are associated with the presence of a capsule, which traditionally is at approximately four weeks [17,18]. Besselink et al. [19] demonstrated in 53 patients with infected necrosis (83% with infected necrosis; 55% with preoperative organ failure) that there was a significant reduction in mortality with delayed surgical necrosectomy, the procedure having increasing benefit the further from date of initial admission (75% mortality if intervention at 1–14 days vs. 45% mortality at 15–29 days vs. 8% mortality at ≥30 days; P <0.001).

Clinical Pancreatology for Practising Gastroenterologists and Surgeons

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