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With the development of high‐resolution electronic microscopy and other modern analytical methods, some different nanocarbon forms were detected and synthesized [17]. Nano‐layers of CVD diamond were already mentioned above. The “buckyball” molecule C₆₀ and higher molecular fullerenes were detected firstly in 1985 in a mass spectrograph by a research group of chemists at the American Rice University (Harold Kroto, Robert Curl, Richard Smalley). These authors won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1996. In 1990 at Heidelberg, the German physicist Wolfgang Krätschmer (together with the American physicist Donald Huffman) firstly synthesized the C₅₀ and higher fullerenes in an electric arc reactor and later transferred into an industrial scale by Hoechst AG. In 1991, the Japanese Sumio Iijima (NEC Corporation at Tsukuba) firstly detected carbon nanotubes as “elongated” form of fullerenes also in an electric arc reactor. They exist in different forms and structures, and many of them up to now are investigated for potential applications.

The newest invention in the field of nanocarbons is related to graphene, i.e. one‐atom thin single layers of graphite. In 2004, Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov at the University of Manchester have succeeded in the first preparation of this two‐dimensional allotropic form of carbon and won for this invention the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2010 [18]. This was the second Nobel Prize related to the chemical element carbon! For an overview see Table 3.1.

Table 3.1 Milestones in the history of carbon material.

Approximately 13 × 109 years ago	The element carbon is formed in the first stars of the universe
Approximately 4 × 109 years ago	The first terrestrial diamonds grow in volcanic magma
>1 × 109 years ago	The first terrestrial deposits of graphite emerge
Approximately 30 000 years ago	Carbon black and charcoal are used as color pigments for cave painting
Approximately 8 000 BC	Charcoal is used for the reduction of metal ores
Approximately 3 500 BC	Indian ink with carbon black is invented by the Hindu Panningrishee
Approx. 1 500 BC	Charcoal powder is used as medicine in Egypt
Approx. 500 BC	Celts form ceramic flagons from clay and natural graphite
1220	Bavarian peasants near Passau win natural graphite for crucibles and cart grease
1456	Johannes Gutenberg prints the Bible in Mainz with printer’s ink (carbon black)
1565	Pencils with natural graphite are manufactured by sheep farmers in Cumberland
1709	Coal coke is used in a blast furnace by Abraham Darby I at Coalbrookdale (England)
1772	Graphite and diamond are identified as elemental carbon by Antoine Lavoisier
1810	The first electric arc with charcoal is generated by Humphry Davy in London
1822	Carbon black is produced from natural gas by Samuel and Godfrey Cabot in the United States
1844	The first useful arc lamp with carbon rods is constructed by Léon Foucault in Paris
1854	Aluminum is manufactured with carbon electrodes by Robert Bunsen in Heidelberg
1866	Werner Siemens constructs the dynamo with carbon brushes in Berlin
1878	Joseph Swan and Thomas a. Edison invent filament lamps with carbon fibers
1886	Aluminum is produced with carbon electrodes by Charles Hall and Paul Héroult
1892	Chlor‐alkali electrolysis with Hg and carbon anodes, invented by Hamilton Y. Castner
1893	Synthetic graphite by lengthwise graphitization, invented by Hamilton Y. Castner
1895	Synthetic graphite by crosswise graphitization, invented by Edward G. Acheson
1900	R. Von Ostrejko invents activated carbon by chemical and gas activation
1909	The industrial production of activated carbon from charcoal starts at Ratibor (Silesia)
1925	Carbon black produced by the furnace black process, developed in the United States
1935	Carbon black from tar aromatics by the Degussa gas black process (Harry Kloepfer)
1942	Enrico Fermi constructs the first nuclear reactor with reactor graphite in Chicago
1955	General Electric starts the industrial diamond synthesis by the high‐pressure process
1956	Boris Spitzyn and Boris Derjaguin invent the low‐pressure diamond synthesis
1958	General Electric starts the production of glass‐like carbon shapes
1965	J. D. Brooks and G. H. Taylor discover the carbon mesophase in coal‐tar pitch
1985	H. W. Kroto, R. F. Curl, and R. E. Smalley discover the fullerenes
1990	W. Krätschmer et al. invent the fullerene synthesis by the electric arc process
1991	Sumio Iijima discovers the carbon nanotubes in the NEC laboratory of Tsukuba