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Realizing the SDGs helps to achieve many other global goals aimed at protecting human and ecosystems, such as PCA and others. It however depends upon how the countries can re‐orient and streamline their policies and actions as per the aspirations of these global goals. It means moving effectively in multiple fronts such as advancing science, technology, and innovations; making coherence policies and programs across the sectors; invest on technology and data to drive improvements; promoting science‐policy interface; and building/strengthening both institutional and human capacities (Jayesimi 2016; Makarigakis and Jimenez‐Cisneros, 2019). Innovations on technical, behavioral and governance fronts should go hand‐in‐hand to synergize the outcomes by complementing to each other. The behavioral changes depend upon the individual themselves and their attitude towards it and the governance aspects hinges on how the governments manages it at various circumstances at both horizontal and vertical levels (Urama et al. 2014). Developing and applying monitoring and accountability frameworks for various SDGs are also equally important to minimize errors in data collection and management due to understanding of indicators and/or selection of data collection methods; to ensure timely reporting of progress on SDG targets, and to ensure (re)allocation of adequate resources in the areas of greater need by periodic review. Furthermore, there needs a coherence among policies and programs aimed at implementing SDGs and NDCs, the implementation instrument of the PCA (Dzebo et al. 2019).

Table 1.5 Interlinkages between SDG6 and rest of 16 SDGs

(Source: Authors compilation).

SDGs	Impacts or contributions to SDG6		Impacts or contributions of SDG6
	Poverty reduction is inclusive of improved access to water/sanitation (6.1, 6.2) services however unsustainable use of water for poverty reduction could counteract targets on water quality and pollution (6.3), reducing water scarcity (6.4), and protecting water related ecosystems (6.5)		Positively contributes universal access to basic services [1.4] such as drinking water and sanitation (6.1, 6.2), food (2.1), energy (7.1) and resilience building (1.5) etc.
	Sustainable food production and resilient agricultural (2.3) practices helps to decrease water scarcity (6.4) and pollution (6.3), while increased food production, food loss and wastages constrain achievement of 6.3 and 6.4		Improved water use efficiency and addressing water scarcity (6.4) positively contributes food productivity and resilient agriculture (2.3), access to food (2.1), ending hunger (2,1) and malnutrition (2.2)
	Directly complements achievement of 6.1, 6.2, 6,3, and 6.6		WASH (6.1. 6.2) and wastewater and pollution control (6.3) are pre‐requisite for reducing the risk of under 5 child deaths (3.2), water‐borne diseases (3.3, 3.9) and improved healthcare (3.8)
	Positively contributes access to WASH (6.1, 6.2) in schools and workplaces.		WASH (6.1, 6.2) supports education for all, especially, girls and women (4.1‐4.3; 4.5‐4.6) and participation in jobs (4.4)
	Gender equality and empowerment strongly supports SDG6 such as improvement in WASH (6.1, 6.2), pollution control (6.3), efficient use of water (6.4), capacity building (6.a), community participation (6.b)		WASH (6.1, 6.2) is critical for ending discrimination against all women and girls (5.1), especially, at homes, schools and workplaces and ensuring women’s participation in economic and public life (5.5)
	Energy (7.1) is essential for access to water (6.1), water uses (6.4), and wastewater treatment (6.3). Water demand for energy production (7.1) could constrain 6.4		An adequate and reliable water resource (6.4) is a prerequisite for the production of energy (7.1)
	Disregard of sustainability issued while pursuing economic growth (8.1) or job creating (8.3) could severely counteract with water goal (esp., 6.3, 6.4, & 6.5)		Water is enabler for the implementation of targets on economic growth (8.1), productivity (8.2), job creation (8.3) and decent work (8.5). Water targets (6.4 or 6.5) overlaps with resource efficiency or decoupling economic growth from environmental degradation (8.4). Further protection of water‐related ecosystem (6.6) supports sustainable tourism (8.7)
	Adoption of environmentally sound technology (9.4) complements pollution control (6.3) and water related ecosystem (6.5) targets		Overlaps with sustainable and resilient (water) infrastructure (9.1, 9.a) and increased resource‐use efficiency (9.4)
	Empowering and promoting the social, economic and political inclusion of all, age, sex, disability, race, ethnicity, origin, religion or economic status (10.3) supports inclusive access to water resources		Access to water is critical for orderly, safe, regular and responsible migration and mobility of people (10.7), while water scarcity (6.4) and drought can be the principle driver for migration.
	Inclusive and sustainable urbanization (11.3) can significantly contribute WASH (6.1, 6.2), pollution control and wastewater management (6.3), efficient water uses (6.4), implementation of IWRM (6.5), and conservation of water related ecosystems (6.6)		Water is inclusive while ensuring access for all to adequate, safe and affordable housing and basic services and upgrade slums (11.1), while IWRM is essential for reducing water‐induced disasters (11.5)
	Implementation of Goal 12 is synergistic with pollution control, wastewater treatment, and reuse and recycling (6.3), efficient water uses (6.4), and conservation of water related ecosystems (6.6)		Water shares close interdependency with sustainable consumption and production (12.1), efficient use of natural resources (12.2), reducing food loss and wastages (12.3), environmentally sound management of wastes and chemicals (12.4), prevention, reduction, reuse and recycling of wastes (12.5), sustainable lifestyles in harmony with nature (12.8), and sustainable tourism (12.b)
	Climate action, in particular related to adaptation and disaster resilience, reinforces IWRM (6.5)		Adaptive water management supports climate actions on strengthening resilience and adaptive capacity against disaster (13.1), integrate climate change measures into national policies, strategies and planning (13.2) and enhance human and institutional capacity on climate change mitigation, adaptation, impact reduction and early warning (13.3)
	Protecting coastal ecosystems to avoid significant adverse impacts, including by strengthening their resilience, can complement conservation of water related ecosystem (6.5) and reducing water induced disasters in coastal areas (11.5)		Pollution control measures can help to significantly reduce marine pollution of all kinds, in particular from land‐based activities, including marine debris and nutrient pollution (6.1)
	Sustainable land management, including halting deforestation (15.2), combating desertification (15.3), conserving mountain ecosystem (15.4), and degradation of natural habitat (15.5), is inextricably linked to pollution control (6.3), reducing water scarcity (6.4) and conservation of water related ecosystems (6.5)		Conservation, restoration and sustainable use of freshwater ecosystem (including wetlands) (15.1) overlaps with 6.5, while sustainable management of freshwater ecosystems is essential to reduce the degradation of natural habitats, halt the loss of biodiversity, and species extinction (15.5)
	Implementation of 16.3, 16.6 and 16.7 reinforces target on IWRM (6.6)		Better water governance helps promote the rule of law (16.3), develop effective, accountable and transparent institutions (16.6) and ensure responsive, inclusive, participatory and representative decision‐making (16.7)
	Investments, finances, policy coherence, and multi‐stakeholder participation are vital for water services and infrastructures (6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4), IWRM and transboundary cooperation (6.6)		Investments in water could accelerate effectiveness of developmental assistance (17.2) and mobilization of additional financial resources (17.3). Water sector can transfer environmentally friendly technologies (17.7). IWRM can help on towards policy coherence (17.14) and multi‐stakeholder partnership (17.16).

Since sustainability challenge is really large in breadth and depth, localizing and streamlining the global commitments such as SDGs or PCA through understanding and internalizing by each countries and their local governments are crucial. Integrated use and management of resources are being increasingly considered as a means of achieving sustainability, however, it is yet to be reflected that down to the local level in the instruments (i.e. policies, programs, institutions, etc.) to put that in practice. Therefore, interventions on the governance front by harmonizing policies, programs, and actions – focusing at system scale, and coordinated across sectors and scales – are crucial in this endeavor. Localizing global commitments means more than just “landing” internationally‐agreed goals at the local level, but making the aspirations of the global goals such as SDGs become real and meaningful to the communities, households, and individuals, particularly to those who are at risk of falling behind (UNDP, 2020). Five drivers of transformational change stand‐out for localizing the global goals: (i) sensitization and engagement of local actors, (ii) accountability mechanisms, (iii) participatory planning and service delivery, (iv) local economic development, and (v) partnership (UNDP 2020). Developing toolboxes to (e.g. Local 2030) to support local stakeholders and their network, under the leadership of the governments (i.e. local, regional, and national governments), and education for sustainable development (ESD) framework (Kioupi and Voulvoulis, 2019) could be some of practical ways of localizing the global agenda. A learning platform (www.localizingthesdgs.org) further highlights the tools and guidance on localizing the global goals with specific focus on SDGs. The most important, however is working with local government and local actors are the key for successful localization of the global commitments such as SDGs.

Though it is a challenging endeavor and requires investments in terms of awareness raising, capacity strengthening, and motivating people to work together, but will be rewarding in a long‐run in terms of sustainably using the resources and synergizing broader outcomes. For many countries, being a part of global commitments and partnering to localize them, are also an opportunity to access more resources, strengthen human capacity, enhance competency, synchronize local initiatives to contribute in solving global problems, and opportunities for cross‐learning across the sectors and regions with diverse and rich set of experiences and local knowledge. Furthermore, this also offers an opportunity to develop database infrastructure which in a long‐run helps the countries for informed‐planning, decision‐making, policy‐making, and also provide policy feedback for future global initiatives.

The intent of all the chapters in this book, in one way or other, reinforce the need to streamline global goals to the needs at various local levels, where actions will actually be taken. Various concepts, approaches, tools, and techniques are being applied and/or to be used with adequate investment of resources for achieving the SDGs and PCA. This book provides key concepts on the hydro‐ and climate‐sciences and their prospective applications; introduce/elaborate selected tools/techniques; demonstrate their applications in water‐sector with selected examples; and provide future directions on research and application. The 16 chapters in the book basically unfolds five key issues: (i) addressing nexused relationship of water with others to address SDGs, which are interrelated to each other, (ii) securing resources by managing demands and ensuring supplies/availability, (iii) customizing various approaches, tools and techniques at different contexts, (iv) operationalizing climate‐resilient solutions and climate actions, and (v) localizing and streamlining SDGs. The linkages of the aforementioned issues and the chapters are depicted in Figure 1.4.

The first three chapters after this introductory chapter elaborate the concepts like river basin (Chapter 2), water‐energy nexus (Chapter 3), and safe‐sanitation adaptive integrated management system (Chapter 4) for coordinated implementation of interventions aimed at achieving the SDGs targets. The second section of the book consists of six chapters, which starts with a systematic review of approaches and tools to assess water‐climate‐sustainability nexus (Chapter 5) and then presents various approaches and tools that help translate global goals and policies in the areas of water, climate and sustainability to local contents. They include a combination of technical, governance, research, and education approaches such as rejuvenation of springs (Chapter 6), enhancing water productivity (Chapter 7), operationalizing climate actions (Chapter 8), monitoring and accountability frameworks for SDGs (Chapter 9), and translating research into practice (Chapter 10). Finally, the third part of the book consists of six chapters and sheds light on selected case studies related to the application of the concepts, approaches, and tools such as climate‐resilient infrastructure in Asia and Middle East (Chapter 11), high efficiency irrigation in Pakistan (Chapter 12), irrigation scheduling and management in New Zealand (Chapter 13), securing urban water in Bangladesh (Chapter 14), climate‐resilient irrigation systems in Nepal (Chapter 15), and prioritizing IWRM strategies for transboundary cooperation in the Lower Mekong region (Chapter 16).

Figure 1.4 Linkage of five key issues and 16 chapters in this book.