Оглавление
Группа авторов. Patty's Industrial Hygiene, Physical and Biological Agents
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Illustrations
Guide
Pages
Patty's Industrial Hygiene
Contributors
PREFACE
USEFUL EQUIVALENTS AND CONVERSION FACTORS
IONIZING RADIATION
INTRODUCTION
2 SOURCES OF IONIZING RADIATION
2.1 Natural Radiation
2.1.1 Uranium and Thorium Progeny
2.2 Anthropogenic Sources
3 BASIC PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES. 3.1 Energy
3.2 Radioisotopes
3.3 Rate of Decay
3.4 Quantity of Radioactivity
3.5 Specific Activity
4 PARTICLE RADIATION
4.1 Alpha Particles
4.2 Beta Particles
4.2.1 Interaction with Matter
4.3 Bremsstrahlung
4.4 Electromagnetic Radiation
4.4.1 Interaction with Matter
5 DOSIMETRY
6 RADIATION BIOEFFECTS
7 SAFETY STANDARDS
7.1 Nuclear Regulatory Commission
7.1.1 Primary Radiation Safety Standards (Dose Limits)
7.1.2 As Low as Reasonably Achievable
7.1.3 Derived Radiation Safety Standards
7.2 Occupational Safety and Health Administration
7.3 Mine Safety and Health Administration
7.4 Department of Energy
8 PRINCIPLES OF RADIATION SAFETY
8.1 External Radiation
8.1.1 Time
8.1.2 Distance
8.1.3 Shielding, Gamma
8.1.4 Shielding, Beta
8.2 Internal Radiation
9 SAFETY ASSESSMENT
10 PARTICLE COUNTING INSTRUMENTS
10.1 Geiger–Muller (G–M) Counters
10.2 Scintillation Counters
11 DOSE MEASURING INSTRUMENTS
11.1 Portable Survey Meters
11.2 Personal Dosimeters
11.2.1 Film Badges
11.2.2 Thermoluminescent Dosimeters
11.2.3 Optically Stimulated Luminescence
11.2.4 Electronic Dosimeters
11.2.5 Pocket Dosimeters
12 RADIATION SAFETY SURVEYS
12.1 Choosing a Health Physics Instrument
12.2 Surface Contamination
12.3 Air Sampling
13 ASSESSMENT OF INTERNAL RADIOACTIVITY
14 CONCLUSIONS
Note
ENDNOTES
Bibliography
General References
NONIONIZING RADIATION: LASERS
1 INTRODUCTION
2 WHY IS A LASER HAZARDOUS? SPECIAL PROPERTIES
2.1 Directionality
2.2 Coherence
2.3 Radiance
2.4 Wavelength
2.5 Pulsed and CW Operation
3 INSIDE THE BLACK BOX – HOW THE LASER OPERATES
3.1 Q‐switching
3.2 Mode‐locking
3.3 Beam Profiles
4 HAZARD EVALUATION MEASUREMENTS AND CLASSIFICATION
4.1 Class 1
4.2 Class 2
4.3 Class 3
4.4 Class 4
4.5 Newer Conditional Classes 1M and 2M
4.6 The Nominal Hazard Zone
5 LASER SYSTEM CONTROL
5.1 Delivery Systems
6 LASER BEAM MEASUREMENTS
7 LASER EYE PROTECTION
8 LASER BARRIERS
9 CONCLUSIONS
Bibliography
NONIONIZING RADIATION: BROADBAND OPTICAL*
1 INTRODUCTION
2 BASIC PHYSICS OF OPTICAL RADIATION. 2.1 Nature of Optical Radiation
2.2 Interaction of Optical Radiation with Matter
2.3 Radiometric and Photometric Terms and Units
2.3.1 Measures of Source Output
2.3.2 Measures of Radiation at a Receiving Surface
3 SOURCES OF BROADBAND OPTICAL RADIATION
3.1 Blackbody Sources
3.2 Solar Radiation
3.3 Gas Discharge Lamps and Arc Lamps
3.4 Electrical Discharges
3.5 Light‐Emitting Diodes
3.6 Excimer Lamps
4 ASSESSMENT OF OPTICAL RADIATION HAZARDS. 4.1 Exposure Guidelines
4.1.1 UV Hazards to Skin and Eye
4.1.2 Retinal Hazards
4.1.2.1 Blue‐Light Hazard
4.1.2.2 Aphakic Hazard
4.1.2.3 Retinal Thermal Hazard
4.1.3 Infrared Thermal Hazard to Cornea and Lens
4.1.4 Thermal Hazard to Skin from Visible and Infrared Radiation
4.1.5 Numerical Values of Spectral Weighting Functions
4.1.6 Ozone Hazard from UV‐C Sources
4.2 Measurement of Optical Radiation
4.2.1 Spectroradiometers
4.2.2 Broadband Detectors and Dosimeters
4.2.2.1 Spectral Corrections for Broadband Detectors
4.3 Alternative Assessment Methods
4.3.1 Calculation of Effective Radiometric Values
4.3.2 Lamp Classifications
5 OPTICAL RADIATION CONTROL PRINCIPLES
5.1 Exposure Duration
5.2 Exposure Geometry. 5.2.1 Direction of Irradiation
5.2.2 Distance from Source
5.2.3 Proximity to IR Sources
5.3 Shielding
5.3.1 UV Shielding. 5.3.1.1 UV‐Protective Properties of Shielding Materials
5.3.1.2 Coverage for Personal Protection from UV Radiation
5.3.2 Visible and IR Shielding
5.3.3 Filter Shade Numbers
6 BROADBAND OPTICAL RADIATION IN SPECIFIC PROCESSES
6.1 Solar Radiation Exposure to Outdoor Workers
6.1.1 Controls for Solar Radiation Hazards
6.2 Welding, Cutting, and Brazing
6.3 Photocuring of Coatings in Manufacturing
6.4 Germicidal Lamps
6.5 Stage and Studio Lighting
6.6 Dental Curing and Bleaching
6.7 Glassblowing and Foundries
Bibliography
General Reference
Note
RADIOFREQUENCY ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS
1 INTRODUCTION
2 QUANTITIES AND UNITS
2.1 Dosimetric Quantities Measured Outside the Body (Exposure)
2.2 Dosimetric Quantities Measured Inside the Body (Dose)
2.3 Near vs Far‐field Exposures
3 COUPLING OF RF ENERGY INTO THE BODY
3.1 Plane‐wave Exposure to the Whole Body
3.1.1 Quasistatic Case
3.1.2 Resonance Case
3.1.3 Quasioptical Case
3.2 Partial‐body (Local) Exposure
3.3 Contact and Induced Currents
3.3.1 Discharge of Current from the Body to Ground
3.3.2 Contact with an Electrically Charged Surface (Contact Currents)
4 SOURCES OF STRONG RF FIELDS IN THE WORKPLACE
4.1 RF Dielectric Heaters and Heat Sealers
4.2 RF Induction Heaters
4.3 Microwave Heaters
4.4 Broadcast Transmitters (AM, FM, TV)
4.5 Radar
4.6 Communications Transmitters (Cellular Telephone, Paging, Emergency Services, Land Mobile)
4.7 Consumer Electronics
5 ADVERSE EFFECTS OF RF EXPOSURE
5.1 Thermal Hazards
5.2 Stimulation of Excitable Tissue (Shock)
5.3 Contact Current
5.4 Interference with Implanted Medical Devices
5.5 Controversial Potential Hazards
5.6 Perspective
6 EXPOSURE LIMITS
6.1 IEEE C95.1‐2005 and ICNIRP (1998)
6.1.1 Averaging Time
6.2 U.S. National Guidelines
6.3 American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH®)
6.4 International Limits
7 COMPLIANCE ASSESSMENT
7.1 Instrumentation
7.2 Exposure Evaluation
7.2.1 Source Information
7.2.2 Measurement Types
7.2.3 Measurement Distance
7.2.4 Spatial Averaging
7.3 Contact and Induced Currents
7.4 Numerical Exposure Assessment
8 CONTROL MEASURES
8.1 Engineering Controls
8.1.1 Shielding
8.1.2 Source Placement
8.2 Access Controls
8.3 Administrative Controls
8.3.1 RF Alerting Signs
8.3.2 Controlling Duration of Exposure
8.4 Managing Overexposure to RF Radiation
9 PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
10 RF SAFETY PROGRAM
11 SUMMARY
APPENDIX
ENDNOTES
Bibliography
NONIONIZING RADIATION: EXTREMELY LOW FREQUENCY
1 BACKGROUND
1.1 Electric and Magnetic Fields
1.2 Typical Exposures
2 LIMITS AND GUIDELINES
3 EFFECTS ON HUMANS. 3.1 Acute
3.2 Chronic
3.3 Medical Devices
4 MEASUREMENT
4.1 Measuring Fields from Equipment or Other Electrical Sources
4.2 Electric Field Survey Meters
4.3 Magnetic Field Survey Meters
4.3.1 Search Coils
4.3.2 Hall‐Effect Magnetic Field Sensors
4.3.3 Fluxgate Magnetometer
4.4 Personal Monitors
4.5 Other Meters
5 CONTROLS
Bibliography
Note
NOISE AND HEARING CONSERVATION
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Terminology
2 PHYSICS OF SOUND
2.1 Units for Noise Measurements. 2.1.1 Sound Pressure and Sound Pressure Level
2.1.2 Sound Power and Sound Power Level
2.1.3 Sound Intensity and Sound Intensity Level
2.1.4 Combining Sound Levels
2.2 Frequency Analysis
3 THE EAR
3.1 Anatomy and Physiology of the Ear
3.1.1 Outer Ear
3.1.2 Middle Ear
3.1.3 Inner Ear
3.2 How Noise Damages Hearing
3.3 Ototoxic Agents
4 HEARING MEASUREMENT
4.1 Audiometers
4.2 Test Rooms
4.3 Hearing Threshold Measurements
4.4 Audiometric Records
5 NOISE MEASUREMENT
5.1 The Sound Level Meter
5.2 The Noise Dosimeter
5.3 Instrument Calibration
5.4 Smartphone Apps for Sound Measurement
6 ASSESSMENT OF NOISE EXPOSURE. 6.1 Harmful Noise Exposures and Damage‐Risk Criteria
6.2 Noise Regulations
6.3 Determination of Employee Exposures
6.4 Noise Exposures Outside the Workplace
6.5 Ultrasound Limits
7 NOISE CONTROL TECHNIQUES. 7.1 General Considerations
7.2 Noise Source Identification and Prioritization
7.3 Basic Noise Control Solutions
7.4 Quiet‐By‐Design Initiatives
7.5 Noise Control Materials and Products
7.5.1 Absorptive Materials
7.5.2 Noise Barriers, Enclosures, and Pipe Lagging
7.5.3 Acoustical Silencers
7.5.4 Vibration Isolation
7.5.5 Vibration Damping
8 HEARING PROTECTORS. 8.1 General
8.2 Types of Hearing Protectors
8.2.1 Insert‐Type Earplugs
8.2.1.1 Molded Earplugs
8.2.1.2 Malleable Earplugs
8.2.1.3 Foam‐Type Earplugs
8.2.1.4 Custom‐Molded Earplugs
8.2.2 Concha‐Seated Protectors
8.2.3 Passive Earmuffs
8.2.4 Electronic Earmuffs
8.2.5 Advantages and Disadvantages of Protector Types
8.3 Hearing Protector Ratings
8.3.1 Standard Rating Methods
8.3.2 NRR Calculations
8.3.3 Limitations of the NRR
8.3.4 Alternative Rating Methods
8.4 Hearing Protector Fit‐Testing
8.5 Performance Limitations
8.6 Moderate Attenuation and Flat Attenuation Hearing Protectors
8.7 Double Hearing Protection
8.8 Hearing Protectors and Communication
9 HEARING CONSERVATION PROGRAMS. 9.1 Specific Requirements
9.1.1 Identification of Noise Hazardous Areas and Employee Monitoring
9.1.2 Audiometric Testing Program
9.1.3 Hearing Protectors
9.1.4 Training Program
9.1.5 Recordkeeping
9.2 Setting Up a Hearing Conservation Program
9.3 Hearing Conservation Program Evaluation
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Bibliography
PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ALTERED BAROMETRIC PRESSURE
1 INTRODUCTION
2 PRESSURIZED ENVIRONMENTS. 2.1 General Principles
2.2 Immersion and Breath‐Hold Diving
2.3 Diving with Compressed Air and Artificial Gas Mixtures
2.4 Saturation Diving
2.5 Hyperbaric Chambers
2.6 Tunnels and Caissons
2.7 Submarines and Submarine Escape
3 PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF COMPRESSION AND PRESSURIZED GASES. 3.1 Disorders of Compression
3.2 Barotrauma of Ascent
3.3 Inert Gas Narcosis and High‐Pressure Nervous Syndrome
3.4 Pulmonary Function and Gas Exchange
3.5 Oxygen Toxicity
3.6 Thermal Problems and Energy Balance in Diving
4 DECOMPRESSION FROM PRESSURIZED ENVIRONMENTS. 4.1 Principles of Decompression
4.2 Decompression Illness
4.3 Pulmonary Barotrauma and Arterial Gas Embolism
4.4 Aseptic Necrosis of Bone
5 RECOMPRESSION AND HYPERBARIC OXYGEN THERAPY
6 FITNESS TO DIVE. 6.1 Individual Variation, Acclimatization, and Physical Fitness
6.2 Physical Evaluation of Divers
6.3 Long‐Term Health Effects of Diving
7 ALTITUDE EXPOSURE
7.1 Physiology of High Altitude Exposure
7.2 High Altitude Illness
7.3 High Altitude and Preexisting Conditions
Bibliography
HAND‐ARM VIBRATION
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Some Principles of Vibration
2 SOURCES OF HAND‐ARM VIBRATION
3 EFFECTS ON HEALTH. 3.1 Hand‐Arm Vibration Syndrome
3.2 Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
3.3 Can HAVS Be Predicted?
4 EVALUATION OF HAV EXPOSURE
4.1 Standards
4.2 Frequency Range and Weighting
4.3 Measurement Directions and Position
4.4 The Vibration Total Value
4.5 Calculating the Daily Exposure
4.6 Exposure to Two or More Sources of Vibration
4.7 Exposure Points
4.8 Making Vibration Measurements
4.8.1 The Equipment. 4.8.1.1 The Vibration Meter
4.8.1.2 The Accelerometers
4.8.1.3 Accelerometer Mounting
4.8.1.4 Overloads and DC Shifts
4.8.2 Planning the Measurements
4.8.3 Establishing the Exposure Duration
4.8.4 Errors and Uncertainties
5 EVALUATION OF MACHINE VIBRATION EMISSION
5.1 Test Codes
5.2 Declaration of Vibration Emission
6 DOSE–RESPONSE RELATIONSHIPS
7 LIMITATIONS OF CURRENT ASSESSMENT METHODS
8 RISK ASSESSMENT IN PRACTICE
9 CONTROL OF RISK FROM HAND‐ARM VIBRATION
9.1 Eliminating Vibration Exposure in the Work Processes
9.2 Managing the Residual Risk Where Elimination of Exposure Is Not Possible
9.3 Selecting Equipment for Reduced Vibration Exposure
9.4 Maintenance of Tools and Equipment
9.5 Reducing the Vibration Transmitted to the Hand
9.5.1 Antivibration Gloves
9.6 Information and Training for Operators and Supervisors
9.7 Reduce the Period of Exposure
10 HEALTH SURVEILLANCE
10.1 Diagnosis of HAVS
10.2 Management of the Affected Worker
11 LEGISLATION, EXPOSURE LIMITS, AND ACTION LEVELS
11.1 The European Union
11.1.1 The Vibration Directive
11.1.2 The Machinery Directive
11.2 Japan
11.3 The United States of America
11.4 Comparison of Regional/National Exposure Criteria
12 CONCLUDING REMARKS
Bibliography
COLD STRESS
1 INTRODUCTION
2 TERMS AND DEFINITIONS
3 BODY TEMPERATURES. 3.1 Core Temperature
3.2 Muscle Temperature
3.3 Skin Temperature
3.4 Mean Body Temperature
4 COLD WORK
4.1 Cold Climate
4.2 Cold Stress and Tissue Cooling
4.3 Temperature Regulation
4.4 Physiological Responses
4.4.1 Body and Skin Temperatures
4.4.2 Cardiovascular Responses
4.4.3 Respiration
4.4.4 Thermal Perception
4.4.5 Performance. 4.4.5.1 Physical Performance
4.4.5.2 Postural Control
4.4.5.3 Manual Performance
4.4.5.4 Cognitive Performance
4.5 Health Effects
4.5.1 Symptoms in Cold
4.5.2 Morbidity and Mortality in the Cold
4.5.3 Cold Injuries
4.5.3.1 Frostbites
4.5.3.2 Nonfreezing Cold Injuries
4.5.3.3 Hypothermia
4.5.3.4 Cold‐Associated Injuries
4.6 Adaptation
5 COLD AND HUMAN HEAT BALANCE
5.1 The Human Heat Balance Equation
5.1.1 Metabolic Energy Production
5.1.2 Calculation of Heat Exchange
5.1.3 Respiratory Heat Exchange
5.1.4 Radiation
5.1.5 Convection
5.1.6 Conduction
5.1.7 Evaporation
5.1.8 Clothing Heat Exchange
5.1.9 Thermal Insulation
5.1.10 Evaporative Resistance
6 RISK ASSESSMENT
6.1 Assessment Strategy
6.1.1 Observations
6.1.2 Measurements of Cold Stress
6.1.3 Risk Criteria
6.1.4 Whole‐Body Cooling
6.1.5 Extremity Cooling
6.1.6 Skin Cooling: Wind Chill
6.1.7 Contact Cooling
6.1.8 Respiratory Cooling
6.1.9 Medical Supervision
7 PREVENTIVE MEASURES FOR ALLEVIATION OF COLD STRESS
7.1 Organization of Work. 7.1.1 Planning of Work
7.1.2 Preparation for Work
7.1.3 Exposure Phase
7.2 Individual Factors
7.2.1 Behavior
7.2.2 Clothing
7.2.3 Handwear
7.2.4 Footwear
7.2.5 Head Protection
7.2.6 Face and Respiratory Protection
7.2.7 Auxiliary Heating
7.3 Equipment
7.3.1 Tools and Equipment
7.3.2 Machinery
7.3.3 Education and Training
Bibliography
Note
HEAT STRESS
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Significance of Heat Stress in Industry
1.2 Development of Heat Stress Standards
1.2.1 Current Status – OSHA
1.2.2 NIOSH Recommendations
1.2.3 Threshold Limit Values
1.2.4 International Standards and Recommendations
2 HEAT EXCHANGE BETWEEN THE WORKER AND THE ENVIRONMENT
2.1 Heat Balance Equation
2.2 Metabolic Heat Production
2.3 Environmental Heat Exchange
2.3.1 Convection
2.3.2 Radiation
2.3.3 Evaporative Cooling
2.4 Effects of Clothing
3 PHYSIOLOGY OF HEAT STRESS
3.1 Body Temperature Regulation
3.1.1 Hypothalamic Regulation of Temperature and Cerebral Blood Flow
3.1.2 Muscular Activity
3.1.3 Circulatory Regulation
3.1.4 Sweating and Fluid Replacement
3.1.5 Acclimatization to Heat
3.2 Indices of Heat Strain
3.2.1 Sweat Rate and Loss
3.2.2 Heart Rate and Circulatory Strain
3.2.3 Body Core Temperature
3.3 Heat Disorders and Tolerance Factors
3.3.1 Psychophysiological Effects
3.3.2 Interactive Effects
3.3.3 Acute Heat Disorders
3.3.3.1 Heatstroke
3.3.3.2 Heat Exhaustion
3.3.3.3 Heat Cramps
3.3.3.4 Heat Rashes
3.3.4 Personal Risk Factors. 3.3.4.1 Age
3.3.4.2 Gender
3.3.4.3 Body Fat
3.3.4.4 Water and Electrolyte Balance
3.3.4.5 Alcohol and Drugs
3.3.4.6 Physical Fitness
4 MEASUREMENT OF THE THERMAL ENVIRONMENT
4.1 Indices of Heat Stress
4.1.1 Dry‐bulb and Wet‐bulb Temperatures
4.1.2 Effective Temperature
4.1.3 Corrected Effective Temperature
4.1.4 Wet‐Bulb Globe Temperature
4.1.5 Wet Globe Temperature
4.1.6 Heat Stress Index and Predicted Heat Strain
4.1.7 Universal Thermal Climate Index
4.2 Sensing Instruments
4.2.1 Air Temperature
4.2.2 Humidity
4.2.3 Air Velocity
4.2.3.1 Thermal Anemometers
4.2.3.2 Vane Anemometers
4.2.4 Radiation
4.3 Integrating Instruments
4.3.1 Requirements and Limitations
4.3.2 Wet Globe Temperature
4.3.3 WBGT Index
4.4 The Effect of Weather
4.4.1 National Weather Service Information
4.4.2 Predictions of WBGT
5 ASSESSMENT OF HEAT STRESS AND STRAIN
5.1 Correlation of Stress and Strain
5.1.1 Calculated Limits of Heat Exposure
5.1.2 Empirical Studies in Controlled Conditions
5.1.3 Workers Exposed in Occupational Settings
5.2 Rationale for a Heat Stress Standard
5.2.1 Criteria for a Standard Heat Stress Index
5.2.2 Prescriptive and Environment‐driven Zones
5.2.3 Work Practices Versus Environmental Standard
5.3 Management of Heat Stress Exposures
6 ENGINEERING CONTROL OF HEAT STRESS
6.1 Control at the Source
6.1.1 Isolation
6.1.2 Reduced Emissivity of Hot Surfaces
6.1.3 Insulation
6.1.4 Radiation Shielding
6.1.5 Local Exhaust Ventilation
6.2 Localized Cooling at Workstations
6.3 General Ventilation
6.3.1 Fresh Air Supply
6.3.2 Distribution of Make‐up Air
6.3.3 Removal of Heated Air
6.4 Moisture Control
6.5 Typical Examples
6.5.1 Increasing Ventilation in a Warm and Humid Environment
6.5.2 Evaporative Cooling in a Hot and Dry Environment
6.5.3 Radiant Heat Shielding
7 ADMINISTRATIVE METHODS OF CONTROL FOR HEAT STRESS EXPOSURES
7.1 Time Limited Exposures
7.2 Work/Recovery Cycles
7.3 Self‐limitation With and Without Physiological Monitoring
7.3.1 Stand Alone Judgment
7.3.2 Physiological Monitoring
8 PERSONAL PROTECTION FOR THE PREVENTION OF HEAT STRESS
8.1 Body Cooling
8.1.1 Air
8.1.2 Liquid
8.1.3 Ice
8.2 Segment Cooling
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Bibliography
OCCUPATIONAL ERGONOMICS: PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTURE
1 INTRODUCTION
2 ERGONOMIC RISK FACTORS. 2.1 Workplace Factors
2.2 Physical Risk Factors
2.3 Psychosocial Risk Factors
2.4 Organizational Risk Factors
2.5 Environmental Risk Factors
2.6 Personal Risk Factors
3 ERGONOMIC RISK FACTOR EVALUATIONS
4 ERGONOMIC CONTROLS AND INTERVENTIONS
5 ERGONOMIC RISK FACTOR PREVENTION
6 OTHER AREAS OF CONSIDERATION
6.1 Occupational Ergonomics in the Past
6.2 Occupational Ergonomics of the Present
6.3 Occupational Ergonomics of the Future
6.4 Autonomous Vehicles
6.5 Alternative Workstations
Bibliography
ROBOTICS IN THE WORKPLACE
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Historical Development: Born Out of Fiction
2 CATEGORIES OF ROBOTS
2.1 Industrial Robots
2.2 Service Robots
2.3 Collaborative Robots
3 ROBOT RISK ANALYSIS
3.1 Industrial Robots – Risk Analysis
3.2 Service Robots – Risk Analysis
3.3 Collaborative Robots – Risk Analysis
4 RISK MANAGEMENT. 4.1 Industrial Robots – Risk Management
4.2 Consensus Standards – Industrial Robots
4.3 Service Robots – Risk Management
4.4 Collaborative Robots – Risk Management
5 ROBOTIC APPLICATIONS FOR RISK REDUCTION
5.1 Exoskeletons and Physical Assistant Robots
5.2 Unmanned Aerial Devices (Drones)
5.3 Rescue Robots
6 SUMMARY
Bibliography
Note
OCCUPATIONAL MICROBIOLOGICAL BIOHAZARDS – EXPOSURE, DETECTION, AND DISEASE
1 INTRODUCTION
2 TYPES AND PROPERTIES OF MICROBIAL BIOAEROSOLS
2.1 Bacteria
2.2 Viruses
2.3 Fungi
2.4 Microbial Volatile Organic Compounds
3 SOURCES AND AERODYNAMIC BEHAVIOR OF BIOAEROSOLS. 3.1 Sources and Exposures
3.2 Aerodynamic Behavior
4 TRANSMISSION, INFECTION, AND DISEASE. 4.1 Infection and Infectious Disease
4.2 Reservoirs and Hosts
4.3 Modes of Transmission and Infectious Dose
4.4 Pathogenicity and Virulence
4.5 Host Susceptibility and Infection
4.6 Disease
4.7 Chain of Infection
5 CONTRIBUTING ENVIRONMENTAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL FACTORS
6 THE HEALTH EFFECTS OF BIOAEROSOLS IN THE WORKPLACE
6.1 Bacterial Infections. 6.1.1 Bacillus anthracis
6.1.2 Brucella
6.1.3 Klebsiella pneumoniae
6.1.4 Legionella pneumophila
6.1.5 Mycobacterium tuberculosis
6.1.6 Mycoplasma pneumoniae
6.1.7 Neisseria Meningitidis
6.1.8 Staphylococcus aureus
6.1.9 Streptococcus Infections
6.2 Fungal Infections
6.2.1 Histoplasma capsulatum
6.2.2 Coccidioides immitis
6.3 Viral Infections
6.3.1 Influenza Virus
6.3.2 Common Cold
6.3.3 Avian or Bird Flu
6.3.4 Swine Flu
6.4 Rickettsial and Chlamydial Infections
6.5 Hypersensitivity Diseases
6.6 Health Effects Associated with Dampness and Mold in Buildings
6.7 Diseases Related to Bacterial and Fungal Toxins
6.8 Progressive Inflammatory Neuropathy
7 SAMPLING AND IDENTIFYING AIRBORNE MICROBIAL CONTAMINANTS
8 ASSESSMENT OF RISK
8.1 Phase One
8.2 Phase Two
8.3 Phase Three
9 SUMMARY
Bibliography
CONTROL OF BIOHAZARDS
1 HISTORY OF OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE LIMITS FOR BIOHAZARDS
2 CONTAINMENT OF BIOHAZARDS IN THE LABORATORY
2.1 Biosafety Levels of Containment
2.1.1 Biosafety Levels of Containment for Large‐Scale Work
2.1.2 Animal Biosafety Levels
2.1.3 Agriculture Pathogen Biosafety and Arthropod Containment
2.1.4 Clinical Laboratories
2.1.5 Biotechnology
2.2 Bioterrorism, Select Agents, and Biosecurity
2.3 Work Practices and Techniques
2.3.1 Laboratory Procedures That Emit Bioaerosols and Work Practices to Control Exposure
2.3.2 Medical Surveillance
2.3.2.1 Preplacement Examination and Periodic Monitoring Examination
2.3.2.2 Treatment and Documentation of Exposure
2.3.2.3 Immunization
2.3.2.4 Postemployment Evaluation
2.3.3 Biosafety Programs and Manuals
2.3.3.1 Biosafety Manual Content
2.3.3.2 Responsibilities
2.3.3.3 Assessing Biosafety Program Compliance
2.4 Engineering Controls and Safety Equipment
2.4.1 Biological Safety Cabinets
2.4.1.1 Class I BSCs
2.4.1.2 Class II BSCs
2.4.1.3 Testing and Certification of Class II BSCs
2.4.1.4 Class III BSCs
2.4.1.5 Laminar Flow Clean Benches
2.4.1.6 Placement and Use of Biological Safety Cabinets
2.4.1.7 Decontamination of Biological Safety Cabinets
2.4.1.8 Sharps Container Handling
2.4.2 Safety Equipment. 2.4.2.1 Positive Pressure Personnel Suits
2.4.3 Personal Protective Equipment
2.4.3.1 Personal Protective Clothing
2.4.3.2 Respiratory Protective Equipment
2.5 Infectious Waste Management. 2.5.1 Overview
2.5.2 Identification of Biohazardous Waste
2.5.3 Decontamination
2.5.4 Spill Management
2.5.5 Shipping and Transportation of Biological Materials
2.6 Laboratory Design
3 REGULATIONS
3.1 OSHA Occupational Exposure to Blood‐Borne Pathogens
4 SUMMARY
Bibliography
AIRBORNE AND EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES
1 AIRBORNE INFECTIONS
2 HIERARCHY OF CONTROLS
3 MYCOBACTERIAL INFECTIONS
4 OCCUPATIONAL TB. 4.1 Background
4.2 Vulnerable Occupational Groups
4.2.1 Emergency Departments
4.2.2 Pathology
4.2.3 Microbiology Laboratory
4.3 Nonoccupational Risk Factors
4.4 Non‐Health‐Care Worker Risk
4.5 Infectiousness
4.6 Tests for TB Infection. 4.6.1 Background
4.6.2 Evaluation and Management of a New Positive TST or IGRA
4.7 Infection Control Guidelines
4.7.1 Administrative Controls
4.7.2 Environmental Controls
4.7.3 Personal Protective Equipment
4.8 MDR‐TB and XDR‐TB
5 NONTUBERCULOUS MYCOBACTERIA
6 LEGIONNAIRES' DISEASE
7 VIRAL INFECTIONS
7.1 Varicella (Chickenpox)
7.2 Human and Avian Influenza
8 OPPORTUNISTIC PATHOGENS
9 OUTDOOR EXPOSURES
10 LABORATORY EXPOSURES
11 SARS AND MERS
12 POTENTIAL AGENTS OF BIOTERRORISM
12.1 Smallpox and Monkeypox
12.2 Anthrax
12.3 Tularemia
13 IMMUNOCOMPROMISED WORKERS
14 EMERGING AND REEMERGING PATHOGENS. 14.1 Zika Virus Infection
14.2 Ebola Virus Infection
Bibliography
Index
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