Читать книгу Patty's Industrial Hygiene, Physical and Biological Agents - Группа авторов - Страница 48

The effectiveness of radiation hazard controls is assessed in a surveillance program similar to that for the assessment of industrial hygiene controls for nonradiation hazards. Such a surveillance program includes the observation of both workers and the environment, and may employ a variety of techniques, depending on the nature of the hazard and the consequences of a breakdown in the system of controls. These techniques may include personal monitoring for external radiation exposure; environmental radiation surveys, including measurement of external radiation levels; air sampling and continuous air monitoring; contamination surveys; and estimation of internally deposited radioactivity by in vivo methods such as whole body counting or in vitro bioassay. Since humans have no sensory response to radiation, one must rely completely on instruments for our radiation safety assessment. Instruments are used in the practice of health physics for a variety of different purposes and fall into one of the two categories: particle counting instruments and dose measuring instruments. Within each of these categories, instruments have been designed for specific applications, such as measurement of low‐energy X‐rays, alpha particles, beta particles, measurement in high backgrounds, and neutrons of various energies.