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On the basis of the data from the WHO database and compared to the other 3 income groups, the median prevalence of cavitated dentine carious lesions and median mean DMFT score of 12-year-old children in the upper-middle-income group were high, at 69.4% and 2.1%, respectively (Table 4). The median percentage of the D-component was high in the low-income (100%), lower-middle-income (80%), and upper-middle-income groups (79%) compared to the high-income group (45.5%), which varied between 0.0 and 92.9% [30].

Similar to the dental caries situation in young adults, the situation in children was worse a couple of decades ago than now. Trend studies have shown a large reduction in the prevalence of cavitated dentine carious lesions and in mean DMFT scores in some countries irrespective of the continent they are conducted in (Table 5) [30]. The reduction in Poland is less pronounced in numbers compared to the other countries and the prevalence of cavitated dentine carious lesions and severity scores in adolescents in 2012 are high in comparison to comparable results in the other countries. The number of sound teeth in 15-year-old adolescents in the UK was 10 higher than among 16- to 24-year olds 45 years earlier [35].

Table 3. Trends in the prevalence of cavitated dentine carious lesions and in mean dmft scores in 4-, 5-, and 5- to 6-year-olds over decades in a number of countries (data from Frencken et al. [30])

The decline in the prevalence and severity of dental caries has not affected children of different socioeconomic status (SES) equally. Particularly in affluent societies, children from low-SES are worse off than their peers with a high SES. Reasons for this difference are related not only to income, but also to culture, ethnicity, and parental education and dental attender [36, 37]. Overall, inequality in life is a major risk factor for developing carious lesions in children.

Table 4. Median prevalence of cavitated dentine carious lesions in 12-year-olds, median of mean DMFT scores and range interval, and median proportion of D-component and range interval by category of country income, using WHO Data Bank data from 2000 to 2015 (data from Frencken et al. [30])