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Оглавление1 Chapter 1Figure 1.1 Algorithm for the evaluation of dysphagia.
2 Chapter 2Figure 2.1 Diagnostic and treatment algorithm for esophageal chest pain.Figure 2.2 Mechanisms of esophageal injury and peripheral and central sensit...
3 Chapter 3Figure 3.1 Still frames of deglutitive vocal cord closure seen by (A) transn...Figure 3.2 Sequence of events during primary swallows. (A–D) The primary swa...Figure 3.3 Relationship of deglutitive vocal cord kinetics to other events o...
4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 Manometric pattern of rumination syndrome. Arrow indicates period...Figure 4.2 Teaching diaphragmatic breathing.
5 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 Central control of the oropharynx and esophagus. The oropharyngea...Figure 5.2 Excitation and inhibition in the swallowing network. (A) The swal...Figure 5.3 Muscular activity during the pharyngeal stage. A schematic view o...Figure 5.4 Volume‐induced (1 and 20 mL) modification of timing of events dur...Figure 5.5 Normal oropharyngeal swallow. (A) At rest the bolus is held in th...Figure 5.6 Upper esophageal function by high‐resolution manometry. The left ...Figure 5.7 Three‐dimensional pressure profile of the upper esophageal sphinc...Figure 5.8 Muscular architecture of the pharynx and upper esophagus from the...Figure 5.9 Velocity of the peristaltic wave front along the esophagus. The b...Figure 5.10 Esophageal peristalsis: relationship between videofluoroscopic, ...Figure 5.11 Vagus nerve firing patterns with esophageal peristalsis. The fir...Figure 5.12 Difference in the duration of the inhibitory junction potential ...Figure 5.13 Interplay of cholinergic (ACh) and non‐cholinergic (NANC) influe...Figure 5.14 Anatomy of the diaphragmatic hiatus: the right crus encircling t...Figure 5.15 Lower esophageal sphincter (LES) radial muscle thickness and 3D ...Figure 5.16 Reflex arc underlying transient lower esophageal sphincter relax...
6 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 Normal pharynx. (A) Frontal view of the pharynx. The surface of t...Figure 6.2 Folds of the epiglottis in a patient with radiation change. (A) F...Figure 6.3 Relationship of the laryngeal cartilages to the pharynx. (A) Line...Figure 6.4 Relationship of larynx to pharynx in a patient who has aspirated....Figure 6.5 Postcricoid squamous mucosa. Just posterior to the cricoid cartil...Figure 6.6 Representative frames from the pharyngeal phase of swallowing. (A...Figure 6.7 Laryngeal penetration. (A) During drinking, barium enters the lar...Figure 6.8 Asymmetric epiglottic tilt. There is diminished epiglottic tilt o...Figure 6.9 Overflow aspiration. This man had global pharyngeal weakness due ...Figure 6.10 Zenker’s diverticulum. (A) Frontal view of the pharynx demonstra...Figure 6.11 Pharyngeal regurgitation from Zenker’s diverticulum. (A) Frontal...Figure 6.12 Pseudo‐Zenker’s diverticulum. (A) Lateral view of the pharynx du...Figure 6.13 Incomplete opening of the cricopharyngeus. (A) Lateral view of t...Figure 6.14 Extrinsic impressions during passage of bolus through the pharyn...Figure 6.15 Killian–Jamieson diverticula. (A) Frontal view of the pharynx de...Figure 6.16 Synchronous Zenker’s and Killian–Jamieson diverticula. Oblique v...Figure 6.17 Lateral pharyngeal pouches. (A) Line drawing of the pharynx in l...Figure 6.18 Lateral pharyngeal diverticulum. A 0.8 cm barium‐filled sac (arr...Figure 6.19 Branchial pouch sinus. (A) Frontal view of the pharynx shows an ...Figure 6.20 Candida pharyngitis. Innumerable nodules and plaque‐like elevati...Figure 6.21 Scarring from corrosive ingestion. Lateral view of the pharynx s...Figure 6.22 Lymphoid hyperplasia of the palatine tonsils and tongue base. (A...Figure 6.23 Lymphoid hyperplasia of the tongue base. Barium fills the groove...Figure 6.24 Cervical esophageal web. (A) Frontal and (B) lateral views demon...Figure 6.25 Retention cyst in medial left hypopharynx. A smooth‐surfaced hem...Figure 6.26 Polypoid squamous cell carcinoma of the base of the tongue. (A) ...Figure 6.27 Infiltrative squamous cell carcinoma of right aryepiglottic fold...Figure 6.28 Ulcerative squamous cell carcinoma of the epiglottis. (A) Latera...Figure 6.29 Polypoid squamous cell carcinoma of the right piriform sinus. (A...Figure 6.30 Plaque‐like squamous cell carcinoma of the posterolateral pharyn...Figure 6.31 Ulcerated squamous cell carcinoma of the pharyngoesophageal segm...Figure 6.32 Lymphoma of the palatine tonsil. Lateral view of the pharynx aft...Figure 6.33 Lymphoma of the base of the tongue. Lateral view of the pharynx ...Figure 6.34 Diffuse radiation changes. (A) Frontal view of the pharynx shows...Figure 6.35 Normal esophagus and cardia. (A) Double‐contrast view of the eso...Figure 6.36 Reflex esophagitis with granular mucosa. Double‐contrast view sh...Figure 6.37 Reflux esophagitis with ulceration. (A) Double‐contrast view sho...Figure 6.38 Reflux esophagitis with thickened folds. Double‐contrast view sh...Figure 6.39 Reflux esophagitis with inflammatory esophagogastric polyp. Pron...Figure 6.40 Scarring of distal esophagus with fixed transverse folds. Double...Figure 6.41 Peptic stricture. Double‐contrast view shows a smooth, tapered a...Figure 6.42 Feline esophagus. Double‐contrast view shows delicate transverse...Figure 6.43 Barrett’s esophagus with mid‐esophageal stricture. Prone single‐...Figure 6.44 Barrett’s esophagus with reticular pattern. Double‐contrast view...Figure 6.45 Candida esophagitis with plaques. Double‐contrast view shows mul...Figure 6.46 Advanced Candida esophagitis with “shaggy” esophagus. Double‐con...Figure 6.47 Herpes esophagitis. Double‐contrast view shows multiple tiny ulc...Figure 6.48 Herpes esophagitis in an otherwise healthy patient. Double‐contr...Figure 6.49 Cytomegalovirus (CMV) esophagitis in an acquired immunodeficienc...Figure 6.50 Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) esophagitis in patients with ...Figure 6.51 Drug‐induced esophagitis. Double‐contrast view shows several sma...Figure 6.52 Drug‐induced stricture. Double‐contrast view shows a smooth, tap...Figure 6.53 Eosinophilic esophagitis with a “ringed esophagus.” Double‐contr...Figure 6.54 Eosinophilic esophagitis with a small‐caliber esophagus. Prone s...Figure 6.55 Lichen planus with a small‐caliber esophagus. Prone single‐contr...Figure 6.56 Radiation injury to the esophagus. (A) Double‐contrast view show...Figure 6.57 Chronic lye stricture. Double‐contrast view shows a long strictu...Figure 6.58 Squamous papilloma. Single‐contrast view shows a small, lobulate...Figure 6.59 Glycogenic acanthosis. Double‐contrast view shows multiple small...Figure 6.60 Leiomyoma. Double‐contrast view shows a submucosal mass (arrows)...Figure 6.61 Giant fibrovascular polyp. (A) Double‐contrast view shows a smoo...Figure 6.62 Communicating esophageal duplication cyst. Single‐contrast view ...Figure 6.63 Early esophageal carcinoma. Double‐contrast view shows a plaque‐...Figure 6.64 Early adenocarcinoma in Barrett’s esophagus. Double‐contrast vie...Figure 6.65 Superficial spreading carcinoma. Double‐contrast view shows foca...Figure 6.66 Infiltrating squamous cell carcinoma. Double‐contrast view shows...Figure 6.67 Polypoid squamous cell carcinoma. Double‐contrast view shows a p...Figure 6.68 Primary ulcerative squamous cell carcinoma. Double‐contrast view...Figure 6.69 Infiltrating adenocarcinoma. Double‐contrast view shows an irreg...Figure 6.70 Schatzki ring. (A) Double‐contrast view shows no evidence of a r...Figure 6.71 Giant epiphrenic diverticulum. Single‐contrast view shows a larg...Figure 6.72 Traction diverticulum. Double‐contrast view shows a triangular o...Figure 6.73 Esophageal intramural pseudodiverticulosis. (A) Double‐contrast ...Figure 6.74 Primary achalasia. Single‐contrast esophagram shows a markedly d...Figure 6.75 Secondary achalasia caused by bronchogenic carcinoma. Double‐con...Figure 6.76 Diffuse esophageal spasm. (A) Prone single‐contrast view shows m...Figure 6.77 Esophageal varices. Single‐contrast view shows multiple large se...Figure 6.78 Esophageal food impaction. (A) On the initial barium study, an i...Figure 6.79 Esophageal carcinoma with esophagobronchial fistula. A barium st...Figure 6.80 Esophageal perforation after traumatic endoscopy. A study with a...
7 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 VLE Barrett’s esophagus case 1: 63‐year‐old with random surveilla...Figure 7.2 VLE Barrett’s esophagus case 2: 70‐year‐old with random surveilla...Figure 7.3 VLE Barrett’s esophagus case 3: 60‐year‐old with random surveilla...
8 Chapter 8Figure 8.1 Esophagogastric junction (EGJ) morphology. Morphology of the EGJ ...Figure 8.2 Esophageal pressure topography metrics. (A) An example of a norma...Figure 8.3 Stepwise classification of individual swallows on HRM/EPT. Applic...Figure 8.4 Swallow types of HRM/EPT. (A) Premature swallow; the distal laten...Figure 8.5 The Chicago Classification of esophageal motility diagnoses [4]. ...Figure 8.6 Achalasia subtypes. All three subtypes are characterized by eleva...Figure 8.7 Rumination and supragastric belching. Examples: a rumination even...Figure 8.8 Multiple rapid swallows (MRS) and rapid drink challenge (RDC). Ex...
9 Chapter 9Figure 9.1 Impedance changes observed during bolus transit over a single pai...Figure 9.2 Multiple impedance measuring segments within the esophagus allow ...Figure 9.3 Movement of intraesophageal material detected by multichannel int...Figure 9.4 HRiM recording. Impedance data is shown as a color‐contour mode (...Figure 9.5 Nine‐channel combined multichannel intraluminal impedance (MII) a...Figure 9.6 Definitions of impedance parameters. (A) Total bolus transit time...Figure 9.7 Classification of swallows by multichannel intraluminal impedance...Figure 9.8 Percentage of patients with complete bolus transit in 350 patient...Figure 9.9 Example of rumination on HRIM. Length of the esophagus is shown a...Figure 9.10 Schematic representation of the 2 mm diameter multichannel intra...Figure 9.11 Impedance changes in ohms during three episodes of reflux. The s...Figure 9.12 Impedance changes in ohms during reflux of gas, liquid, and mixe...Figure 9.13 Novel MI balloon catheter with 36 channels measuring impedance a...
10 Chapter 10Figure 10.1 Esophageal pH monitoring electrodes. (A) Catheter with antimony ...Figure 10.2 Example of 24‐hour esophageal pH monitoring in a patient with he...Figure 10.3 Example of 48‐hour wireless pH monitoring showing multiple and p...Figure 10.4 Example of normal 96‐hour wireless pH monitoring.Figure 10.5 Example of a pH‐impedance catheter equipped with six pairs of im...Figure 10.6 Combined impedance‐pH recordings showing examples of the three t...Figure 10.7 GERD phenotypes according to endoscopy and ambulatory reflux mon...
11 Chapter 11Figure 11.1 Novel mucosal integrity (MI) balloon catheter with two strips of...Figure 11.2 (A) Schematic of mucosal integrity prototype catheter advanced v...Figure 11.3 (A) Oropharyngeal pH probe (Dx‐pH Measurement System) with LED t...
12 Chapter 12Figure 12.1 (A) Normal esophageal squamous mucosa with a thin basal epitheli...Figure 12.2 Normal esophageal brushing composed predominantly of mature squa...Figure 12.3 Candida esophagitis. Pseudohyphal and yeast organisms are identi...Figure 12.4 Esophageal brush cytology specimen with squamous epithelial cell...Figure 12.5 Herpes esophagitis. Squamous epithelial cells with ground‐glass ...Figure 12.6 Esophageal brush cytology specimen showing multinucleation, mold...Figure 12.7 Cytomegalovirus (CMV) esophagitis. In the center of the field, t...Figure 12.8 Esophageal brush cytology specimen showing a markedly enlarged c...Figure 12.9 Atypical squamous epithelial cells following radiation therapy. ...Figure 12.10 Esophagitis dissecans superficialis caused by alendronate. (A) ...Figure 12.11 Primary eosinophilic esophagitis characterized by numerous intr...Figure 12.12 Esophageal involvement by lichen planus. (A) Parakeratosis, int...Figure 12.13 Early morphologic features in gastroesophageal reflux disease (...Figure 12.14 Intraepithelial eosinophilia in a patient with gastroesophageal...Figure 12.15 Intraepithelial neutrophils in a patient with gastroesophageal ...Figure 12.16 Lymphocytic esophagitis in a patient with gastroesophageal refl...Figure 12.17 Epithelial repair characterized by cohesive epithelial cells ar...Figure 12.18 Low‐magnification view of Barrett’s esophagus. Goblet cells are...Figure 12.19 Higher‐magnification view of Barrett’s esophagus, characterized...Figure 12.20 Barrett’s esophagus with complete intestinal metaplasia. The Al...Figure 12.21 Alcian blue and periodic acid‐Schiff (PAS) stain highlighting i...Figure 12.22 Atrophic cardiac‐type mucosa in a biopsy obtained from this dis...Figure 12.23 Non‐dysplastic Barrett’s esophagus. The base of the mucosa show...Figure 12.24 Barrett’s esophagus with low‐grade dysplasia. The glands show n...Figure 12.25 High‐grade dysplasia in Barrett’s esophagus. There is marked cy...Figure 12.26 Intramucosal adenocarcinoma arising in Barrett’s esophagus. The...Figure 12.27 Brush cytology specimen of Barrett’s esophagus with high‐grade ...Figure 12.28 Adenocarcinoma arising in Barrett’s esophagus, characterized by...Figure 12.29 Superficially invasive esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Smal...Figure 12.30 Esophageal carcinoma cuniculatum is characterized by deeply inv...Figure 12.31 Well‐differentiated squamous cell carcinoma. Spindle‐shaped mal...Figure 12.32 Brush cytology specimen of a poorly differentiated squamous cel...Figure 12.33 Esophageal small cell carcinoma. At low magnification, the cell...Figure 12.34 High‐magnification view of an esophageal small cell carcinoma. ...Figure 12.35 High‐magnification view of an esophageal melanoma. The tumor is...
13 Chapter 13Figure 13.1 Schematic representation of the pathogenesis of achalasia.Figure 13.2 Manometric subtypes of achalasia.Figure 13.3 Typical radiological image of bird beak (A) and end‐stage “sigmo...Figure 13.4 CT scan of a patient with achalasia. The dilated esophagus fille...Figure 13.5 Pneumatic dilation is performed using a Rigiflex balloon (A) pos...Figure 13.6 Schematic representation of laparoscopic Heller myotomy showing ...Figure 13.7 Long‐term success rates of the European Achalasia Trial comparin...Figure 13.8 Schematic representation of the different steps of the POEM proc...
14 Chapter 14Figure 14.1 A swallow in a patient with idiopathic EGJOO on HRM. There is an...Figure 14.2 An abnormal timed barium esophagram in a patient with idiopathic...Figure 14.3 A suggested diagnostic and treatment algorithm for patients with...Figure 14.4 A swallow and abnormal motility in the esophageal body in a pati...Figure 14.5 A swallow with abnormal esophageal smooth muscle hypercontractil...Figure 14.6 A swallow with esophageal smooth muscle hypocontractility on HRM...Figure 14.7 A swallow on HRM demonstrating a large break (> 5cm) in the 20 m...
15 Chapter 15Figure 15.1 The functional lumen imaging probe balloon catheter (Endoflip®) ...Figure 15.2 (A) Mucosectomy overlying submucosal bleb; (B) submucosal tunnel...Figure 15.3 Laparoscopic approach to begin the dissection for a LHM. The hep...Figure 15.4 Intraoperative laparoscopic view of the creation of the anterior...Figure 15.5 Before and after images of a laparoscopic Heller myotomy with Do...Figure 15.6 Intraoperative laparoscopic view of a Heller myotomy with Toupet...Figure 15.7 Completed Dor fundoplication.Figure 15.8 Barium esophagram showing the classic corkscrew appearance of DE...
16 Chapter 16Figure 16.1 Double‐contrast esophagram of an upper esophageal web (arrow)....Figure 16.2 Diagram of lower esophageal rings: A, B (Schatzki), and C rings ...Figure 16.3 Chart showing the relationship between dysphagia and the diamete...Figure 16.4 (A) Double‐contrast esophagram. (B) Antegrade endoscopic view....
17 Chapter 17Figure 17.1 Anatomic relationship of Zenker’s diverticulum vs. Killian‐Jamie...Figure 17.2 Anatomic location of the three major types of esophageal diverti...Figure 17.3 Contrast esophagogram of (A) Killian‐Jamieson diverticulum; (B) ...Figure 17.4 Intraoperative photo of Zenker’s diverticulum during open resect...Figure 17.5 Intraoperative images demonstrating the use of the endoscope to ...Figure 17.6 Intraoperative image of laparoscopic excision of epiphrenic dive...Figure 17.7 Intraoperative image depicting (A) staple line; (B) exposed esop...
18 Chapter 18Figure 18.1 Scleroderma can present with a myriad of esophageal endoscopic p...Figure 18.2 While the vast majority of SSc patients have esophageal involvem...Figure 18.3 The esophagus in a 63‐year‐old man with dysphagia in the context...Figure 18.4 (A) and (B) The esophagus of a 67‐year‐old woman with Crohn’s di...
19 Chapter 19Figure 19.1 Time trends of estimated prevalence of GERD in the United States...Figure 19.2 Stepwise diagnostic approach to phenotyping GERD. Step 1 is the ...Figure 19.3 Clinical assessment of symptoms (step 1). According to the Montr...Figure 19.4 Upper GI endoscopic evaluation for GERD (step 2). In GERD, the o...Figure 19.5 Applications of esophageal manometry in GERD. (A) Example of mul...
20 Chapter 20Figure 20.1 Inferior view on the diaphragm. Openings are visible for the ven...Figure 20.2 Relationship between the esophagus and lower esophageal sphincte...Figure 20.3 Results of an ambulatory 24‐hour monitoring study showing that t...Figure 20.4 Barium esophagogram showing a partially intrathoracic stomach wi...Figure 20.5 Endoscopic image of a sliding hiatus hernia. A small erosion is ...Figure 20.6 Endoscopic image of a sliding hiatus hernia with a Schatzki ring...Figure 20.7 Plain upright chest radiograph of a patient with a very large sl...Figure 20.8 Plain upright chest radiograph showing a retrocardiac air–fluid ...Figure 20.9 Coronal reconstruction of the gastroesophageal junction, scanned...
21 Chapter 21Figure 21.1 Myoarchitecture of the lower esophageal Sphincter.Figure 21.2 Myoarchitecture of the esophageal hiatus formed by the right and...Figure 21.3 Myoarchitecture of the esophageal hiatus formed by the right and...Figure 21.4 3D pressure topography of the esophagogastric junction (EGJ). Me...Figure 21.5 Transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxation (TLSER) recorded...Figure 21.6 Patterns of longitudinal muscle contraction of the esophagus dur...Figure 21.7 Neural pathway to the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) and crura...Figure 21.8 Proposed sites of action of pharmacologic agents targeting trans...
22 Chapter 22Figure 22.1 Esophageal mucosa and submucosa. Photomicrograph showing the his...Figure 22.2 Epithelial defense: structural components. (A) In humans, epithe...Figure 22.3 Transmission electron micrograph at 50,000X magnification showin...Figure 22.4 Immunostaining for the tight junction protein occludin in the hu...Figure 22.5 Epithelial defense: functional components. Functional components...Figure 22.6 Photomicrographs of the distal esophagus in rats after the surgi...Figure 22.7 Representative images of the distal esophagus from a single pati...
23 Chapter 23Figure 23.1 Time to onset of pain is related to the pH of the infused soluti...Figure 23.2 Proposed agents responsible for esophageal mucosal injury. Mucos...Figure 23.3 Cell proliferation under different pH conditions: (A) no acid; (...Figure 23.4 Transmission electron micrographs of rabbit esophageal mucosa. (...Figure 23.5 Relationship between percentage of time that bilirubin absorbanc...Figure 23.6 Laboratory spectrophotometric absorbance for bilirubin ditaurate...Figure 23.7 A typical pH‐Bilitec recording. The upper tracing from pH‐metry ...Figure 23.8 Relationship between percent of time that bilirubin absorbance i...Figure 23.9 Group median (A) acid reflux and (B) DGER for five study populat...Figure 23.10 Acid exposure and DGER in 65 patients with typical reflux sympt...Figure 23.11 Gastroesophageal reflux is detected by impedance and defined by...Figure 23.12 Simultaneous impedance‐pH‐Bilitec recordings. Esophageal biliru...Figure 23.13 Reflux‐associated symptom episodes in 72 patients: 165 symptom ...Figure 23.14 Omeprazole 20 mg bid markedly decreased both acid and DGER.Figure 23.15 A) Combined pH and Bilitec monitoring in a patient with typical...
24 Chapter 24Figure 24.1 Trends in esophageal diseases related to H. pylori in developed ...Figure 24.2 Gastritis patterns in infection affect gastric acid secretion. A...Figure 24.3 Incidence of reflux esophagitis in patients with duodenal ulcer ...Figure 24.4 The Houston Consensus Conference suggests that patients receivin...
25 Chapter 25Figure 25.1 Study showing a clear relationship between increase in body mass...Figure 25.2 Healing of erosive esophagitis at 8 weeks with various delayed‐r...Figure 25.3 Symptom relief after 4 weeks of daily therapy on once‐daily prot...
26 Chapter 26Figure 26.1 The evolution of diagnosing nonerosive reflux disease(NERD), fun...Figure 26.2 Diagnostic algorithm of patients with heartburn with either prov...Figure 26.3 Percentage of functional heartburn and reflux hypersensitivity p...Figure 26.4 Underlying mechanism for esophageal hypersensitivity.Figure 26.5 (A) Immunohistochemical nerve fiber identification with in the p...Figure 26.6 New metrics to separate between functional esophageal disorders ...Figure 26.7 Diagnostic algorithm of functional heartburn and reflux hypersen...Figure 26.8 Distribution of functional esophageal disorders, using Rome IV c...
27 Chapter 27Figure 27.1 Spectrum of anatomical defects among patients with gastroesophag...Figure 27.2 Muscle fibers of the proximal stomach that make up the distal po...Figure 27.3 Radiofrequency generator for the Stretta procedure.Figure 27.4 Single‐use catheter for the Stretta procedure.Figure 27.5 Muscle fibers of the proximal stomach that make up the distal po...Figure 27.6 Endoscopic appearance after successful completion of the Stretta...Figure 27.7 Applying the principles of anti‐reflux surgery to laparoscopic f...Figure 27.8 Diagram and image of the muscle fibers in the distal esophagus (...Figure 27.9 The “60 seconds rule” for assessing the diaphragmatic hiatus in ...Figure 27.10 The goal of TIF 2.0 is to create full‐thickness serosa‐to‐seros...Figure 27.11 The multiple parts and features of the EsophyX®‐Z+ device. (A) ...Figure 27.12 The endoscope in position to provide light and visualization of...Figure 27.13 Mapping of the TIF 2.0 protocol using standard landmarks for pl...Figure 27.14 After completing three plications in the posterior corner, the ...Figure 27.15 After completing three plications in the anterior corner, the d...Figure 27.16 Mucosal ablation and suturing of the esophageal gastric junctio...Figure 27.17 Resection and plication (RAP) technique for GERD in a patient a...Figure 27.18 Summary diagram appropriating the various endoscopic anti‐reflu...
28 Chapter 28Figure 28.1 Example of referred sensation from abnormality in the lower esop...Figure 28.2 Esophageal abnormalities identified during MBS with esophageal s...Figure 28.3 International Dysphagia Diet Standardization Initiative (IDDSI) ...Figure 28.4 Endoscopic view of laryngopharynx (A) at rest with vocal folds a...Figure 28.5 Air‐fluid column in stomach (A) disappears as patient belches (B...Figure 28.6 Rumination observed on fluoroscopy evidenced by LES relaxation a...Figure 28.7 Examples of radiographic findings on MBS related to GERD: (A) cr...Figure 28.8 Common pathologies thought to be related to reflux include (A) v...Figure 28.9 Normal vocal fold abduction (A), Paradoxical vocal fold closure ...
29 Chapter 29Figure 29.1 Long‐segment Barrett’s with utilization of the Prague Classifica...Figure 29.2 (A) Image of low‐grade dysplasia with maintenance of mucosal arc...Figure 29.3 Diagrammatic representation of endoscopic Barrett’s esophagus sh...Figure 29.4 (A) High‐resolution images of non‐dysplastic Barrett’s esophagus...Figure 29.5 Visible lesions identified by high‐definition white‐light endosc...
30 Chapter 30Figure 30.1 Common esophageal dilators. Clockwise from top: Maloney bougies,...Figure 30.2 Markings on two bougie dilators. The American markings are from ...Figure 30.3 The complicating role of inflammation and pills in stricture man...Figure 30.4 (A) Peptic stricture with severe esophagitis in an elderly veter...Figure 30.5 The association of Schatzki rings and GERD. The actual probabili...Figure 30.6 Esophageal web in the proximal esophagus in a patient with Plumm...Figure 30.7 Patient with recalcitrant dysphagia and lichen planus. A 66‐year...Figure 30.8 Endoscopic balloon dilation followed by intralesional steroid in...Figure 30.9 Benign anastomotic stricture with a diameter of 5 mm. (A) Needle...Figure 30.10 Anastomotic stricture before and after placement of a covered m...Figure 30.11 Clinical outcomes of patients with refractory benign esophageal...Figure 30.12 Method of esophageal self‐dilation. After lubrication with wate...Figure 30.13 Suggested algorithm for stricture dilation and management. Simp...
31 Chapter 31Figure 31.1 Cobblestoning of the posterior pharynx.Figure 31.2 Normal laryngeal endoscopy.Figure 31.3 (A) Leukoplakia; (B) bilateral vocal fold edema and thick mucus;...Figure 31.4 Proposed diagnostic/treatment algorithm for EER.
32 Chapter 32Figure 32.1 Major mechanisms by which gastroesophageal reflux can induce pul...Figure 32.2 Abnormal bolus exposure time on MII‐pH was predictive of (A) pre...Figure 32.3 Evidence for antireflux therapy in the lung transplant populatio...
33 Chapter 35Figure 35.1 Drawing of a LINX device in the open and closed position, and si...Figure 35.2 As each bead separates, the magnetic force decays.Figure 35.3 ex vivo porcine stomach demonstrating inherent LES yield pressur...Figure 35.4 Initial view of hiatus – in this case, minimal if any hiatal her...Figure 35.5 Formal crural dissection prior to repair.Figure 35.6 Crural repair until no gap is present between the untensioned es...Figure 35.7 Sizing method of closing the sizer until the white flexible tip ...Figure 35.8 Additional sizing method of closing the sizer, compressing the e...Figure 35.9 LINX device in place, lying noncompressively and obliquely along...Figure 35.10 GERD‐HRQL scores post‐MSA. Single series of 134 patients, all f...Figure 35.11 Subjective outcomes of patients post‐MSA up to 10 years.Figure 35.12 Esophageal acid exposure in 134 patients at least six years pos...Figure 35.13 Pre‐ and postoperative manometric findings in LINX patients....Figure 35.14 Forest plot favors fewer gas‐bloat symptoms with MSA.Figure 35.15 Forest plot ability to vomit, favors MSA.Figure 35.16 Forest plot ability to belch, Favors MSA.Figure 35.17 Comparison of LINX MSA to Angelchik Prosthesis.Figure 35.18 Time to presentation of erosion by year.Figure 35.19 Prevalence (%) of the patients requiring dilation by year (2013...
34 Chapter 36Figure 36.1 Distributions of GERD‐related disorders according to sex, geogra...Figure 36.2 Obesity has been associated with increased intragastric pressure...
35 Chapter 37Figure 37.1 Endoscopic examination of a squamous cell carcinoma. (A) View of...Figure 37.2 Endoscopic ultrasound examination demonstrates a T1N0 lesion (ar...Figure 37.3 Endoscopic ultrasound examination demonstrates a T3N1 lesion, an...Figure 37.4 Endoscopic examination in a patient with long‐segment Barrett’s ...Figure 37.5 Endoscopic examination in a patient with dysphagia and weight lo...Figure 37.6 Granular cell tumor (arrow indicates lesion).Figure 37.7 Squamous papilloma (arrow indicates lesion).
36 Chapter 38Figure 38.1 Schematic representation of tumor and nodal stage in esophageal ...Figure 38.2 Cap EMR technique. (A) Saline injection to raise the lesion; (B)...Figure 38.3 Band EMR technique. (A) Deployment of the snare over banded muco...Figure 38.4 The initial step in endoscopic resection is to create a submucos...Figure 38.5 Methods of using endoscopic knives for initial incision in endos...Figure 38.6 Comparable overall survival of patients with T1a esophageal aden...Figure 38.7 Forest plot of studies comparing overall five‐year survival betw...
37 Chapter 39Figure 39.1 Clinical TNM classification (8th edition) of esophageal carcinom...Figure 39.2 Endoscopic ultrasonography for staging of esophageal carcinoma. ...Figure 39.3 Positron emission tomography scan showing uptake of 18‐fluorodeo...Figure 39.4 Abdominal stage of fully minimally invasive Ivor Lewis esophagec...Figure 39.5 Thoracic stage of fully minimally invasive Ivor Lewis esophagect...Figure 39.6 Pragmatic algorithm for the multidisciplinary management of esop...
38 Chapter 40Figure 40.1 Epidemiology of eosinophilic esophagitis.Figure 40.2 Pathogenesis of eosinophilic esophagitis.Figure 40.3 Barium esophagram images of eosinophilic esophagitis demonstrati...Figure 40.4 Endoscopic images of eosinophilic esophagitis demonstrating typi...Figure 40.5 Histopathology of eosinophilic esophagitis. Features illustrated...Figure 40.6 Therapeutic endpoints in eosinophilic esophagitis.
39 Chapter 41Figure 41.1 A 70‐year‐old male with a history of kidney transplantation and ...Figure 41.2 An 18‐month‐old boy presented with intermittent right lower quad...Figure 41.3 A 19‐year‐old female presented to the emergency room after swall...Figure 41.4 A 50‐year‐old female with a history including Roux‐en‐Y presente...Figure 41.5 Five physiological sites of narrowing in the esophagus.Figure 41.6 Example of a foreign body box. Having the instruments in a box s...Figure 41.7 Examples of devices used for retrieval of foreign bodies. From l...Figure 41.8 Examples of devices used to grasp foreign bodies. From left to r...Figure 41.9 Examples of instruments used to prevent endoscopic damage from f...Figure 41.10 This patient had a history of recurrent food bolus impactions 1...
40 Chapter 42Figure 42.1 Doxycycline induced esophagitis.
41 Chapter 43Figure 43.1 Candida esophagitis. (A) Biopsy of the mucosa and plaque shows t...Figure 43.2 Herpes simplex virus esophagitis. (A) Characteristic multinuclea...Figure 43.3 Cytomegalovirus esophagitis. Large, deep, hemicircumferential ul...Figure 43.4 Idiopathic esophageal ulcer. Two angles of a well‐circumscribed ...
42 Chapter 44Figure 44.1 Timing of tissue damage and repair after caustic injury of the e...Figure 44.2 Proposed algorithm for evaluation and management of patients wit...
43 Chapter 45Figure 45.1 Images of esophageal perforation. (A, B) Endoscopic and radiogra...Figure 45.2 Esophageal stent placement. (A) Visualization of acute postsurgi...Figure 45.3 Through‐the‐scope clip closure. (A) Visualization of esophageal ...Figure 45.4 Over‐the‐scope clip closure. (A) Visualization of spontaneous es...Figure 45.5 Endoscopic sutured closure. (A) Visualization of postsurgical es...Figure 45.6 Novel endoscopic techniques. (A) Endoscopic vacuum therapy; (B) ...
44 Chapter 46Figure 46.2 Pemphigus vulgaris: (A) Erosions with surrounding erythema invol...Figure 46.1 Mucous membrane pemphigoid: (A) Ulceration with surrounding eryt...Figure 46.3 Lichen planus: (A) Flat papules with Wickham striae on dorsal ha...Figure 46.4 Acral sclerodactyly in systemic sclerosis.Figure 46.5 Gottrons papules on knucles and nailfold erythema of the dorsal ...
45 Chapter 47Figure 47.1 Typical high‐resolution manometry findings in older patients. (A...Figure 47.2 Endoscopic and radiographic images of a patient undergoing endos...Figure 47.3 High‐resolution manometry showing esophagogastric junction outfl...Figure 47.4 High‐resolution manometry showing typical findings of scleroderm...Figure 47.5 Barium radiograph from a 72‐year‐old patient with dysphagia aort...
