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 Availability and use of expertise in prenatal diagnostic ultrasound and MRI

 Accuracy of diagnosis

 Age at diagnosis

 Case selection, bias, and ascertainment

 Congenital hypothyroidism

 Consanguinity

 Definitions of major and minor congenital anomalies

 Diagnostic DNA analysis

 Duration of follow‐up

 Economic level in developed or developing world

 Environmental toxins

 Family history

 Frequency, inclusion, and exclusion of stillbirths, fetal deaths, and elective pregnancy termination

 Frequency of certain infectious diseases

 Frequency of de novo gene mutations

 History of recurrent spontaneous abortion

 In vitro fertilization

 Incidence and severity of prematurity

 Infertility

 Intracytoplasmic sperm injection

 Later manifestation or onset of disorder

 Maternal age

 Maternal alcohol abuse

 Maternal diabetes and gestational diabetes

 Maternal diet

 Maternal epilepsy, lupus erythematosus and other illnesses

 Maternal fever or use of hot tub in the first 6 weeks of pregnancy

 Maternal folic acid supplementation

 Maternal grandmother's age

 Maternal obesity

 Maternal serum screening for chromosome abnormalities

 Maternal smoking

 Maternal‐specific susceptibility genes

 Maternal use of medication

 Mortality rates decreasing

 Multiple pregnancy rate

 Necropsy

 Noninvasive prenatal testing using cell‐free fetal DNA for chromosomal abnormalities and monogenic disorders

 Parent with a congenital abnormality or genetic disorder

 Paternal age

 Previous affected child

 Previous maternal immunization/vaccination

 Season of the year

 Training and expertise in examination of newborns

 Use of chromosomal analysis

 Use of chromosomal microarray

 Use of whole‐exome sequencing

 Use of whole‐genome sequencing

 Use of death certificates

 Use of registry data