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Bovine Reproduction

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Страница 1 Table of Contents List of Tables List of Illustrations Guide Pages Страница 7Страница 8Страница 9Страница 10Страница 11 List of Contributors Страница 13Страница 14Страница 15Страница 16Страница 17 1 Anatomy of the Reproductive System of the Bull Introduction Production Testes Spermatic Cord Transport Tubular Transport System Ductus Deferens Transfer Penis Blood Supply Nervous Supply Accessory Glands References 2 Endocrine and Exocrine Function of the Bovine Testes Introduction Historical Perspective The Testis The Scrotum and Spermatic Cords Interstitial Tissue (Leydig Cells) Endocrine Function of the Testis Hypothalamic–Pituitary Hormone Regulation of the Testis Prolactin Other Regulatory Factors Steroid Synthesis by Leydig Cells Relaxin and Insulin‐like Peptide (INSL‐3) Relaxin Seminiferous Tubules, Sertoli Cells, and Germinal Tissue Overview of Spermatogenesis and Maturation of Spermatozoa Spermatocytogenesis Meiosis Spermiogenesis Spermiation Seminiferous Epithelial Cycle and Wave of Spermatogenesis References 3 Spermatogenesis Introduction Cell and Molecular Biology of Spermatogenesis Markers to Study Spermatogenesis Hormones and Spermatogenesis The Cycle of the Seminiferous Epithelium Spermatogenesis in the Bull Sertoli Cells and Spermatogenesis The Role of Sertoli Cells in Spermatogenesis Structural Support Blood–Testes Barrier Germ Cell Translocation Spermiation Phagocytosis Secretions The Junctional Role of Sertoli Cells Sertoli Cells and Spermatogenic Capacity References 4 Thermoregulation of the Testes Introduction Anatomy and Physiology Surface and Internal Temperatures Sources of Testicular Heat Pathogenesis of Heat‐Induced Changes in Sperm Morphology Evaluation of Scrotal Surface Temperature with Infrared Thermography Effects of Increased Testicular Temperature Increased Ambient Temperature Scrotal Insulation as a Model of Increased Testicular Temperature Insulation of the Scrotal Neck Increased Epididymal Temperature Effects of Increased Temperature on Testicular Cells Summary References 5 Endocrine Control of Testicular Development and Initiation of Spermatogenesis in Bulls Introduction Infantile Period Prepubertal Period Pubertal Period Metabolic Hormones During the Prepubertal and Pubertal Periods GnRH‐Independent Testicular Development References 6 Sexual Development and Puberty in Bulls Introduction Testicular Development Puberty Development of Accessory Sex Organs Development of Sexual Behavior Effects of Nutrition on Sexual Development Implications of Sexual Development and Puberty for Breeding Soundness Evaluation References Страница 100 7 Breeding Soundness Evaluation: Comparative Review of Different Standards Introduction General Concepts An International Overview of BBSE The USA Australia Canada The UK The Netherlands South Africa BBSE – How the Categories Compare Internationally The General Physical Examination The Reproductive Physical Examination Scrotal Circumference Measurement Bull‐Side Semen Evaluation Laboratory Assessment of Semen Semen Morphology The Use of Vital Stains White Blood Cells in Semen Discussion References 8 Evaluation of Breeding Soundness: The Physical Examination Introduction History Basic Physical Examination Examination at a Distance Conformation Examination Close Up Examination of the Reproductive System Scrotum and Testicles Internal Reproductive Genitalia Penis and Internal Prepuce Example of an Examination Protocol Scrotal Circumference References 9 Evaluation of Breeding Soundness: The Spermiogram Introduction Semen Collection Electroejaculation Technique Semen Evaluation Color and Consistency Volume Concentration Gross Motility Individual Motility Sperm Morphology Percentage Staining Alive Preparation of Semen Smears Classification and Evaluation of Sperm Morphology Sperm Abnormalities Normal Sperm Sperm Morphology – Minimums and Maximums Artifacts and Debris Morphological Aberrations that Are Counted as Normal Sperm Cells Head Defects Pyriform and Tapered Heads Nuclear Vacuoles Microcephalic and Macrocephalic Heads Knobbed Acrosome Midpiece Defects Detached Heads Proximal Droplets Distal Midpiece Reflexes Mitochondrial Sheath Defects Accessory Tails Stump Tail Dag Defect Principal Piece Defects Coiled Principal Piece Bent Principal Piece References 10 Ultrasound Examination of the Reproductive Tract Introduction Equipment and General Methodology Examination of the Scrotum Examination of the Pelvic Organs Examination of the Penis and Prepuce Alternative Ultrasound Modalities Summary References 11 Management of Breeding Bull Batteries Introduction Pre‐Breeding Period Breeding Soundness Evaluation Vaccination Clostridial Diseases Leptospirosis Campylobacteriosis Bovine Viral Diarrhea Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis Trichomoniasis Breeding Period Stocking Rate Producer Observation Non‐Breeding Period Housing during the Non‐Breeding Period Parasite Control Biosecurity Concerns for Replacement Bulls Recommendations for Dairies Utilizing Natural Service References 12 Management of Bulls at Custom Collection Studs Veterinary Services for the Commercial Bull Stud The Veterinarian's Role in the Bull Stud The Collection Process Common Problems of Bulls at Stud Lameness Penile Injuries Gastrointestinal Tract Problems Urinary Tract Problems Summary Acknowledgment 13 Testicular Degeneration Introduction Pathogenesis Diagnosis Prognosis Testicular Fibrosis References 14 Vesicular Adenitis References 15 Inability to Breed Due to Injury or Abnormality of the External Genitalia of Bulls Introduction Impact of Impotence Physiology of Erection in the Ruminant Coitus Abnormalities of the Prepuce Congenital and Developmental Anomalies Congenital Preputial Stenosis Incomplete Separation of the Penile and Preputial Epithelium Persistent Frenulum Injuries to the Prepuce Preputial Laceration Retropreputial Abscess Phimosis Avulsion of the Prepuce Abnormalities of the Penis Congenital Abnormalities Hypospadias Congenital Short Penis Diphallus Congenital Vascular Shunts Anatomic and Developmental Abnormalities Penile Deviation Spiral Deviation Ventral Deviation S‐Shaped Deviation Persistent Frenulum Penile Injury Urethral Fistula Paraphimosis Penile Hematoma (Rupture of the Tunica Albuginea of the Penis) Erection Failure Erection Failure Due to Vascular Shunts Filling Defects of the CCP Denervation Injury References 16 Management of Lameness in Breeding Bulls Introduction Getting Back to Basics in a Lameness Examination Facilities for Performing the Lameness Examination Local/Regional Anesthesia Back Injuries Advanced Diagnostics Laminitis Treatment of Solar Injuries Vertical Hoof Cracks Septic Arthritis of the Distal Interphalangeal Joint Corkscrew Claw Interdigital Dermatitis, Digital Dermatitis, and Interdigital Pododermatitis Interdigital Fibroma Distal Limb Proximal Limb Upward Fixation of the Patella Rupture of the Gastrocnemius Osteochondrosis Dissecans Bone Fractures Full Limb Casting Fractures of the Proximal Limb Fracture Recovery Hoof Trimming for Beef Cattle Summary References Страница 272 17 Regional Anesthesia for Urogenital Procedures Introduction Local Anesthetics Anesthesia for Laparotomy Line Block Inverted L Proximal Paravertebral Distal Paravertebral Anesthesia of the Perineum Caudal Epidural Anesthesia Continuous Caudal Epidural Anesthesia Additives or Alternatives to Local Anesthetic Epidural Anesthesia Sacral Paravertebral Anesthesia Anesthesia of the Penis and Prepuce Desensitization of the Internal Pudendal Nerve Block Desensitization of the Dorsal Nerve of the Penis Anesthesia for Castration References 18 Surgery of the Scrotum and its Contents Introduction Physical Examination of the Scrotum and Testicles Ultrasound of the Testicles Thermography of the Scrotum Semen Evaluation Scrotal and Testicular Disease and Injury Fluid Accumulation in the Vaginal Cavity Orchitis, Periorchitis, and Epididymitis Trauma Inguinal Hernia Less Common Causes Unilateral Castration Inguinal Hernia Repair Standing Flank Approach Inguinal Approach References 19 Restorative Surgery of the Prepuce and Penis Introduction Fibropapilloma Hair Ring Persistent Frenulum: Delayed Preputial–Penile Separation Preputial Injury Preputial Prolapse Surgical Management of Preputial Injury Avulsion of the Prepuce Ring Amputation Circumcision (Reefing) Amputation of the Prepuce Preputial Reconstruction by Scar Revision Phimosis Creation of Preputial Stoma Paraphimosis Hematoma Penile Deviations Spiral Deviation Ventral Penile Deviation Repair of Spiral and Ventral Penile Deviations Fascia Lata Graft Technique References 20 Management of Urolithiasis Introduction Clinical Signs Diagnosis Treatment Immediate Care Medical Management Surgical Management Tube Cystostomy Cystotomy Ischial Urethrostomy Urethrotomy Perineal Urethrostomy Other Procedures Prevention References 21 Preparation of Teaser Bulls Introduction Vasectomy Epididymectomy Penile–Prepuce Translocation Penopexy Preputial Pouch Technique (Ventral Slot with Preputial Orifice Obliteration) Other Procedures Summary References Страница 352Страница 353Страница 354 23 Initiation of Puberty in Heifers Introduction Endocrine Events Development of the Female Reproductive Tract Factors that Influence Age of Puberty Weight and Body Composition Breed Plane of Nutrition Genetic Markers for Age at Puberty Correlation Between Sire Scrotal Circumference and Age at Puberty of Daughters Management Options to Influence Age at Puberty Photoperiod Growth‐Promoting Implants Use of Progestins to Advance Onset of Puberty Nutritional Optimization of Puberty Effect of Heifer Temperament on Age at Puberty Influence of Bull Exposure on Age at Puberty Influence of Age of Dam on Follicular Reserves Monitoring Heifers for Attainment of Puberty References {buyButton}

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