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Based on cattle industry requirements for efficiency, financial viability, and reliability, the defined needs for veterinary BBSE include [6]:

1 A system for breeders/vendors to provide assurance that bulls have a high probability of being fertile at the point of sale.

2 A system for buyers/users of bulls to understand evaluation reports and to have confidence that bulls have a high probability of being fertile at the point of sale.

3 A system whereby veterinarians can meet industry needs that is consistent with their own professional opinions, enables them to produce professional reports, and enables electronic reporting and storage of data.

4 A system that is flexible enough to suit bull transactions, insurance examinations, and routine screening of herd bulls.

5 A system that is applicable to wide variations in geographical, cattle genotype, and management situations throughout the world, and equally applicable to dairy and beef bulls.

The early iteration of the BBSE developed by the SFT set the general template for the procedures, data recording, interpretation, and reporting of results. The details of these procedures are described in Chapters 8 and 9, but in summary the BBSE process can be condensed into the following seven categories:

1 General physical examination

2 Reproductive physical examination

3 Measurement of scrotal circumference (SC)

4 Semen evaluation – bull‐side

5 Semen evaluation – morphology and other laboratory evaluations

6 Serving ability or capacity

7 Testing for specific infectious or genetic diseases may be carried out on an as‐needed basis.

Of these seven aspects of the BBSE, the first three are considered compulsory in systems investigated in all regions. The remaining four categories may be variably included depending on the managerial situation, or the geographical location. While all BBSE systems agree or imply that full semen evaluation is desirable, some systems allow for semen evaluation to be either truncated to just a bull‐side, fresh‐semen evaluation or removed from the process in cases where large numbers of bulls in remote areas need to be assessed over short time‐periods. Additionally, systems from all regions recognize the logistical effort required for testing serving ability or serving capacity, and so do not routinely include this aspect in the BBSE.

With these variations of procedure in mind, this chapter focuses on comparing how BBSE services for the first five categories are delivered in selected regions throughout the world. There is also reflection on the guidance and oversight different regions provide to veterinarians in order to provide a standardized service.