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The examination begins with a history and examination at a distance. Evaluate conformation and be certain to record observations and identification of those bulls that have issues. Watching each bull approach the chute is a good time to observe the gait of the bull and overall appearance. Once in the chute, the bull's identification (tag, tattoo, or brand ID), eyes, head, and front claws are observed and observations recorded [6]. From the side of the bull, the testicles are palpated and SC measured (Figure 8.3), the prepuce is palpated for abnormalities, and the hind feet are observed. At this point the scrotal measurement and any observations are recorded. The rear of the bull is then approached and the back, hind legs, and especially the hock joints are observed and/or palpated. Transrectal palpation is then performed, again using a constant sequence. In the pelvic area, the urethralis muscle is followed forward to the seminal vesicles, which are palpated and massaged, the fornix of the seminal vesicles is located, and the ampullae are palpated and massaged, as are the inguinal rings, pelvic lymph nodes, the kidney, and any viscera within reach. The ampullae and the seminal vesicles are then massaged again. The urethralis muscle and the prostate are identified and massaged while progressing toward the anus. In addition to identifying abnormalities or eliciting a painful response, which may indicate a problem, palpation and massage serves to stimulate the bull and facilitate ejaculation (Figure 8.4). Thereafter, the electroejaculator is placed on the standard program and the probe is inserted into the rectum. At this point any observation or abnormalities from palpation are recorded. As erection and protrusion occur, the internal prepuce and the penis are examined by observation and palpation for abnormalities. After microscopic examination of the semen has been done, the bull is then released from the chute. The bull is observed leaving the chute and the chute area for lameness. It is of utmost importance that a standard protocol be developed to ensure that all areas of the physical examination and SC are checked and recorded [2, 5].

Figure 8.3 The correct way to measure SC. The testes are pushed toward the bottom of the scrotum and the scrotal tape is placed at the widest area. The scrotal tape should be pulled tightly.

Figure 8.4 Transrectal palpation to evaluate the internal reproductive tract and prepare the bull for electroejaculation.