Читать книгу Polysaccharides - Группа авторов - Страница 4

1 Chapter 1Figure 1.1 Chemical structure of mucopolysaccharide acemannan.

2 Chapter 2Figure 2.1 The illustration depicts the cell walls of plant cell. The plant cell...Figure 2.2 Figure illustrates different polysaccharides molecules in the algal c...Figure 2.3 Describes the structural polysaccharides of fungal cell wall, which i...Figure 2.4 The given illustration depicts the bacterial cell wall that composed ...

3 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 Chemical structure of agarose and agaropectin.Figure 4.2 Chemical structure of carrageenan.Figure 4.3 G blocks, M blocks and alternating blocks of alginate.Figure 4.4 Isolation and extraction of pathways of alginate.Figure 4.5 Fucoidan structure.Figure 4.6 Laminaran structure with (a) d-mannitol and (b) d-glucose residues.Figure 4.7 Laminaran extraction procedure.

4 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 Chemical structure of agarobiose (the fundamental repeating unit of a...Figure 5.2 Chemical construct of different agarose units [20].

5 Chapter 8Figure 8.1 The Nador or Machica lagoon in Morocco [18].Figure 8.2 Different areas of application of green algae.Figure 8.3 Caulerpa prolifera of Nador Lagoon.Figure 8.4 The principal seaweeds used to production of sulfated polysaccharides...Figure 8.5 The main skeleton of Codium’s sulfated galactans.Figure 8.6 Ulva rigida (A), Enteromorpha intestinalis (B) of Nador Lagoon.Figure 8.7 Structure of the principal disaccharides in ulvan isolated from Ulva ...Figure 8.8 Codium species in Nador lagoon, (A) Codium tomentosum, (B) Codium bur...Figure 8.9 Structures of arabinans (A) and (B) arabinogalactans [54].Figure 8.10 The principal sulfated mannans isolated from Codium species. (a) sim...

6 Chapter 9Figure 9.1 Galactomannan and glucomannan chemical structures.Figure 9.2 The cultivated salep orchids at field condition and their tubers.

7 Chapter 10Figure 10.1 The gum tears of exudate tree gums, (a) arabic, (b) karaya, (c) kond...Figure 10.2 The utilization of exudate tree gums in food (a) ice cream, (b) sher...Figure 10.3 (a) The UV–visible absorption spectra of exudate tree gum synthesize...Figure 10.4 The transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images of (a) silver nano...Figure 10.5 (a) The bactericidal activity of gum ghatti synthesized silver nanop...Figure 10.6 The UV–vis absorption spectra indicating the sodium borohydride redu...Figure 10.7 The antioxidant activity of gum synthesized nanoparticles (NP) in te...Figure 10.8 The gum tear formation and gummosis observed in minor exudate gum pr...

8 Chapter 11Figure 11.1 Main applications fields of cellulose, cellulose-derivatives and nan...

9 Chapter 12Figure 12.1 Structure of (a) amylose and (b) amylopectin units in starch. Reprod...Figure 12.2 Comparison of unit cells and helix packing in (a) A-type and (b) B-t...Figure 12.3 Acid hydrolysis of native starch showing the breakdown of constituen...Figure 12.4 Processes that occur during gelatinization and retrogradation. (a) u...Figure 12.5 Schematic representation of the melting process of a semicrystalline...Figure 12.6 Microcapsule-based self-healing model for starch, (a) Schematic of t...Figure 12.7 (a) The process for the superhydrophobic paper to be soaked into wat...Figure 12.8 The mechanism of RL (random lasing) based on spontaneously formed st...

10 Chapter 13Figure 13.1 Semi-crystalline polymers’ structure formation from sub‐nanometric t...Figure 13.2 Schematic illustration of hierarchical structure of wood from tree t...Figure 13.3 Fiber diffraction patterns for anhydrous chitosan; the location of e...Figure 13.4 Crystal structure of anhydrous chitosan with different projection [9...Figure 13.5 Hierarchical structure of starch: from granules to chemical structur...

11 Chapter 14Figure 14.1 The basic principles of tissue engineering (Adapted with the kind pe...Figure 14.2 The different types of scaffold fabrication methods (Modified image ...Figure 14.3 The molecular structure of alginate.Figure 14.4 The molecular structure of chitosan.Figure 14.5 Three-dimensional tomographic images of the scaffolds using direct v...Figure 14.6 The molecular structure of cellulose.Figure 14.7 (a) 3D printed grids with Ink8020 after crosslinking; (b) The deform...Figure 14.8 The molecular structure of dextran.Figure 14.9 The molecular structure of starch.Figure 14.10 The molecular structure of xanthan gum.Figure 14.11 The molecular formula of hyaluronic acid.Figure 14.12 The molecular structure of heparin.Figure 14.13 The molecular structure of chondroitin sulfate.

12 Chapter 15Scheme 15.1 Structure of few monomer units present in polysaccharides.Figure 15.1 (a) The cellulose chain in a flat ribbon arrangement with hydrogen b...Figure 15.2 The repeated unit (building block) present in amylose.Figure 15.3 The cellulose derivatives, R = CH₃ or H represents methyl cellulose;...Figure 15.4 (a) Amylopectin and (b) amylose in starch.Scheme 15.2 The polysaccharide dissolution.

13 Chapter 16Figure 16.1 Carbon aerogel produced from NCC [33]. Reproduced according to the p...Figure 16.2 Hierarchical structure of cellulose [36]. Reproduced according to th...Figure 16.3 The repeated unit in cellulose comparing with c-axis length (a), the...Figure 16.4 SEM images of hydrolized cellulose [43]: higher (a) and lower (b) re...Figure 16.5 SEM images of BC: (a) [60], (b) [61]. The figures are reproduced acc...Figure 16.6 SEM images of carbonized (a [43], b [67]) NCC. The figures are repro...Figure 16.7 TEM image of carbogel produced from NCC [33]. Ordered macromolecules...Figure 16.8 SEM (a) and TEM (b) images of the NCC-based composites produced via ...Figure 16.9 Conversion of wood cellulose: from the plant cellulose to supercapac...Figure 16.10 SEM images of BC after carbonization (a) followed by activation (b)...Figure 16.11 Chitosan (a) and sodium alginate (b).Figure 16.12 Amilose (a) and aminopectine (b).Figure 16.13 Low (a) and high (b) resolution TEM images of graphene sponges prod...Figure 16.14 Synthesis of C-QDs from cyclodextrine and their use for Ag+ detecti...Figure 16.15 SEM images of the composite containing silica, carbonized carboxyme...

14 Chapter 17Figure 17.1 The optimized structures of the most important polysaccharides.Figure 17.2 Variation of shear viscosity on concentration at two distinct shear ...Figure 17.3 Morphology resulted after shearing the HPC matrix in lyotropic phase...

15 Chapter 18Figure 18.1 A schematic representation of various sources of natural gums. Repri...Figure 18.2 Classification of natural gums based on different entities.Figure 18.3 Multifunctional properties of natural gum-based cues for pharmaceuti...Figure 18.4 Dental implants (1) Periodontal disease in bone, (2) extraction of t...

16 Chapter 19Figure 19.1 Application and functional role of Algs.

17 Chapter 23Figure 23.1 Polysaccharide-based materials in food packaging system.

18 Chapter 25Figure 25.1 Structure of chitosan.Scheme 25.1 Preparation of different heterocyclic derivatives.Scheme 25.2 Synthesis of pyrano pyrazole derivatives.Scheme 25.3 Several different heterocyclic compounds.Scheme 25.4 Synthesis of functionalized oxazolidines.Scheme 25.5 Preparation of oxazolidin-2-ones.Scheme 25.6 Thiazolyl pyrazole derivatives.Scheme 25.7 Aryl azo thiazoles and 1,3,4-thiadiazoles.Scheme 25.8 Synthesis of triazolo isoquinolines.Scheme 25.9 Preparation of tetrazoles.Scheme 25.10 Synthesis of different tetrazoles.Scheme 25.11 Substituted hexahydro-furo [3,2-c] pyridine analogues.Scheme 25.12 Preparation of pyridine compounds.Scheme 25.13 Synthesis of hexahydro quinolones.Scheme 25.14 Synthesis of quinoline derivatives.Scheme 25.15 Pyrazine scaffolds.Scheme 25.16 Pyrimidobenzothiazole derivatives.Scheme 25.17 Various fused quinazolinone derivatives.Scheme 25.18 Preparation of fused quinazoline compounds.Scheme 25.19 Synthesis of functionalized 1H-pyrazolo[1,2-b] phthalazine-5,10-dio...Scheme 25.20 Perimidine preparation.Scheme 25.21 Pyran derivatives.Scheme 25.22 Heterocyclic derivatives such as amino pyran carbonitriles, pyrano ...Scheme 25.23 Pyranopyrimidinone and xanthene derivatives.Scheme 25.24 Pechman condensation affording coumarin derivatives.Scheme 25.25 Preparation of bis(2-amino-tetrahydro-4H-chromene-3-carbonitrile)-d...Scheme 25.26 Baeyer Villiger oxidation of ketones.Scheme 25.27 Oxidation of various hydrazobenzenes over Ni-Fe@N-doped-C.Scheme 25.28 CS-Pr-Me-Cu II- Fe₃O₄ catalyzed oxidation of benzyl alcohol derivat...Scheme 25.29 RuD@CA catalyzed oxidation.Scheme 25.30 Reduction of 4-nitro phenol to 4-amino phenol using nAg-chit-PHB.Scheme 25.31 (a) Structure of the catalyst. (b) Different coupling reactions per...Scheme 25.32 PdNPs@CAP catalyzed reactions.Scheme 25.33 Pd@CoF-QA catalyzed Suzuki–Miyaura coupling reactions.Scheme 25.34 Synthesis of Propargyl amine derivatives.Scheme 25.35 Ullmann C–N coupling reaction catalyzed by Cu/HCS-MA-F127.Scheme 25.36 N-arylation of imidazole derivatives.Scheme 25.37 Propargyl amines.Scheme 25.38 Knoevenagel–Doebner condensation reaction.Scheme 25.39 Isomerization of α-pinene oxide to trans-carveol.Scheme 25.40 Monoglycerides via epoxide ring opening.

19 Chapter 26Figure 26.1 Hydrogels scaffolds based on calcium phosphate-bacterial cellulose/p...Figure 26.2 Applications of cellulose-based hydrogels. (Obtained and modified af...Figure 26.3 Illustration of food packaging materials based on starch-inorganic h...Figure 26.4 Starch nano-fibrous scaffold fabricated using starch nanofibers, for...Figure 26.5 Fabrication of starch based hydroxyapatite for application in bone r...Figure 26.6 Structural representation of homogalacturonan, a pectic polysacchari...Figure 26.7 Schematic pathway for sol-gel protocol of SiO2/pectin composite. (Ob...Figure 26.8 Fabrication scheme of chitosan/pectin and clay composite. (Obtained ...Figure 26.9 Illustration of conversion of chitin into chitosan polymer. (Obtaine...Figure 26.10 Schematic diagram for fabrication of CS based MOF and its applicati...Figure 26.11 Scheme for fabrication of MCNC@Zn-BTC (a combination of magnetic ce...Figure 26.12 Schematic representation of MOF-5@cellulose composite, fabricated f...Figure 26.13 Polysaccharide based hydrogels utilized to serve as drug delivery v...

20 Chapter 27Figure 27.1 Arrangements in liquid crystals. Nematic mesophase shows a correlati...Figure 27.2 Polarized light microscopy of cellulose nanocrystals at different co...Figure 27.3 Cholesteric and smectic forms of amylose tris-(alkylcarbamate). (Rep...Figure 27.4 Chemical structure of (a) amylose-trisoctadecyl carbamate (ATODC) an...Figure 27.5 Photographs of coexistence phase of ATODC155k (a, b) and cATODC77K (...Figure 27.6 Representation of the chain conformation of cATODC chains in the iso...Figure 27.7 Synthesis of liquid crystal. (a) Ring of permethylated β-cyclodextri...Figure 27.8 The sample cell and prolifometry optical microscope (POM) images of ...Figure 27.9 (a) Chemical structure of 2-ureido-4-(1H)-pyrimidinones-C6-methyl ma...Figure 27.10 (A) Polymer concentration dependence of cholesteric pitch P for D2O...

21 Chapter 28Figure 28.1 Example of selected polysaccharides based on different source.Figure 28.2 Example of application that utilized polysaccharides.Figure 28.3 Patent document based on keyword without restriction of year.Figure 28.4 Patent document based on keyword for the 2000–2020.Figure 28.5 Patent document based on keyword for cosmetic field without restrict...

22 Chapter 32Figure 32.1 Chemical structures of cellulose and chitin.Figure 32.2 Synthesis of chitosan from chitin.