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1 1 In the artificialist tradition, the designer is the emblematic figure of the design and innovation process. The use of the term designer in the singular does not refer to the idea of an omniscient designer, but rather corresponds more to a typical ideal.

2 2 The concept of the city refers to that of polis, i.e. a community of citizens.

3 3 Let us specify that Plato does not use the term innovation, which did not exist at the time, but the notion of change that he associates with instability.

4 4 The latter is presumably not alien to Joseph Schumpeter’s definition of innovation as the introduction of a novelty “into the economic system”.

5 5 As if our happiness depended solely on the quantity of objects we possess or experiences we have had.

6 6 Here understood in the sense of the ability to transform the world on purpose.

7 7 And preferably new in societies marked by the seal of “youthism”!

8 8 Itself borrowed from the ancient Greek apokálupsis.

9 9 Solidarity with the most vulnerable people, with hospital staff, but also solidarity between regions and nations (as shown, for example, by the Resilience Project, where Cuban doctors travelled to Italy to help out).

10 10 Initiated by France Biotech, France Digitale, MedTech in France and AstraZeneca, with the participation and support of Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) and France Assos Santé, with the support of Bpifrance and EIT Health.

11 11 Data collected on the site covidtenders.org.

12 12 More than 1,100 projects were submitted by April 4, 2020 in response to the call for projects from the Ministry of the Armed Forces mentioned above.

13 13 Putting an end to the disconnect that has developed between the economy, on the one hand, and society and its culture, on the other hand.

14 14 It is understood that the term “political” here does not refer to a particular field but to its purpose.

15 15 See https://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2020/04/25/tracage-numerique-pour-eviter-une-seconde-crise-sanitaire-il-faut-s-en-donner-les-moyens_6037732_3232.html.

16 16 In the view of the author, it is in the anticipation of the threat, in the apprehension of the loss, that we discover the value of what we are going to lose.

17 17 Responsible innovation is, in fact, based on a negative heuristic building on the paradigm of the mastery of technology and, through it, of people.

18 18 Xavier Pavie also wonders about the meaning of this “sickly anthropocentrism” because, in his view, the fundamental question is that of the amputation of all forms of life owing to the impact of anthropic activities (2018).

19 19 If the primary objective is not economic growth, this does not mean that there cannot be economic growth. These new registers of value can, accompanied by adequate communication, lead to economic value creation. Moreover, does the state not have a key role to play in encouraging companies to move in this direction (via the mechanism of public procurement, subsidies, etc.) rather than providing purely technocratic responses to major contemporary challenges? This is precisely the question that can be asked concerning the development of nanotechnologies or artificial intelligence, which are often thought of solely in relation to their technological performance (more speed, more efficiency, more productivity, etc.) and not the social upheavals that they could generate or the symbols or values that they carry (performance society, artificial empathy), in short, their political meaning.

20 20 It is not a question of criticizing but of questioning.

Chapter written by Joëlle FOREST.