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1 Chapter 1Figure 1.1 A dental mirror allows you to examine the distal aspects of molar...Figure 1.2 Before looking inside the mouth, examine the entire head for abno...Figure 1.3 During the alert exam in anxious patients, caution may be needed ...Figure 1.4 This patient shows a variation from a correct “scissors” bite, wi...Figure 1.5 With a cooperative patient, the tongue can be elevated by pushing...Figure 1.6 A more accurate assessment of the extent of plaque and calculus a...Figure 1.7 Explorer used to detect pulpal exposure of this left mandibular c...Figure 1.8 Transillumination of this maxillary left second incisor shows goo...Figure 1.9 Transillumination of this maxillary right canine shows poor light...Figure 1.10 Assessing the open canal and apical bone loss on this radiograph...Figure 1.11 Canine dental chart.Figure 1.12 Feline dental chart.

2 Chapter 2Figure 2.1 Each periodontal probe has markings in millimeters to allow measu...Figure 2.2 Explorer tip (shepherd’s hook).Figure 2.3 The tip of a periodontal probe is gently inserted into the gingiv...Figure 2.4 Normal sulcus depth in a cat is usually less than 0.5 mm, so 3 mm...Figure 2.5 Total attachment loss (AL) on the right maxillary canine (104) of...Figure 2.6 Probing the palatal surface of this left maxillary canine (204) r...Figure 2.7 Increased pocket depth at the mesial aspect of the mandibular can...Figure 2.8 A pocket at the distal aspect of the right mandibular first molar...Figure 2.9 The explorer should be used on worn tooth surfaces to determine i...Figure 2.10 The explorer tip can be used to detect resorptive lesions, espec...

3 Chapter 3Figure 3.1 Radiographic generators: examples of wall‐mounted (left) and hand...Figure 3.2 (Left) No. 4 (occlusal) and no. 2 (periapical) phosphor plates fo...Figure 3.3 Example images acquired in a CBCT scan: (a) sagittal, (b) axial, ...Figure 3.4 Three tools to help with taking radiographs: spiral perm roller f...Figure 3.5 Intraoral films should be placed such that the image of the roots...Figure 3.6 Parallel placement of an intraoral film to image the mandibular p...Figure 3.7 When imaging these maxillary incisors and canines, if the beam we...Figure 3.8 If the beam were aimed perpendicular to the teeth (roots), the im...Figure 3.9 By “splitting the difference” between the two positions, the imag...Figure 3.10 Mandibular incisors/canines: beam perpendicular to film.Figure 3.11 Mandibular incisors/canines: beam perpendicular to teeth (roots)...Figure 3.12 Mandibular incisors/canines: split the difference.Figure 3.13 Maxillary premolars/molars: perpendicular to film.Figure 3.14 Maxillary premolars/molars: perpendicular to teeth (roots).Figure 3.15 Maxillary premolars/molars: split the difference.Figure 3.16 Maxillary incisors/canines in cat: positioning aids illustrating...Figure 3.17 Maxillary canines in dog: beam aimed initially at midline; roots...Figure 3.18 Maxillary canines in dog: adjust beam away from midline to separ...Figure 3.19 In most dogs (not brachycephalic) and even some cats, by aiming ...Figure 3.20 Maxillary canine apex in dog: aim beam towards palpated apex, sl...Figure 3.21 (a) Standard beam positioning for the upper fourth premolar and ...Figure 3.22 Maxillary molars in dog: place sensor/film lengthwise palatally,...Figure 3.23 Mandibular first premolars in dog: with sensor/film in place int...Figure 3.24 Mandibular second and third molars in dog: position sensor/film ...Figure 3.25 Maxillary premolars of cats and brachycephalic dogs: keep mouth ...Figure 3.26 Aim beam from above and caudally, at a slight oblique, so the im...Figure 3.27 (a) Radiograph of right maxillary fourth premolar and first mola...Figure 3.28 A summary of the simple steps to complete when interpreting radi...Figure 3.29 Orient films with the crowns “in the mouth” like a Cheshire cat ...Figure 3.30 Reading a radiograph. With premolars and molars, determine “wher...Figure 3.31 An extraoral film is read in the opposite way: right and left wi...Figure 3.32 If there is extensively ankylosis or resorption of the roots, as...Figure 3.33 Periapical bone loss (halo of osteolucency around an apex) is ge...Figure 3.34 The pulp width of 104 (right) is wide compared to the same tooth...Figure 3.35 Note the pink/purple hue of this dog’s right maxillary canine as...Figure 3.36 Horizontal bone loss occurs with a linear pattern of bone height...Figure 3.37 Vertical bone loss down a tooth root often results in deep infra...Figure 3.38 Some teeth that appear to have classic resorptive lesions displa...Figure 3.39 Odontoclastic lesions (replacement resorption) of feline teeth n...Figure 3.40 When resorption is on the external surface and involving only th...Figure 3.41 Radiographs may give an indication as to the severity of oral ma...Figure 3.42 (a) Presumed gingival enlargement and periodontal disease. (b) F...

4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 Calculus forceps.Figure 4.2 Prophy paste, prophy angle, and ultrasonic scaling tip.Figure 4.3 Applying dilute chlorhexidine prior to starting the dental proced...Figure 4.4 Gently use the calculus forceps to dislodge large pieces of calcu...Figure 4.5 Use the side of the ultrasonic scaler head, not the tip.Figure 4.6 The sharp tip of a hand scaler can remove the remaining calculus ...Figure 4.7 Once the calculus is gone, use a probe to identify possible prese...Figure 4.8 Use copious prophy paste and moderate pressure to splay the proph...Figure 4.9 Thoroughly rinse the tooth surfaces.Figure 4.10 Air dry the tooth surfaces to visualize remaining calculus.

5 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 (a) Periodontal probe, hand curette (with round end), and W‐3 bea...Figure 5.2 Use of a 12‐fluted bur to recontour areas of mild gingival enlarg...Figure 5.3 (a) Probe inserting into periodontal pocket (5 mm in depth). (b) ...Figure 5.4 (a) Working edge of the curette placed against the tooth surface....Figure 5.5 With a pull stroke down, calculus and debris in the pocket can be...Figure 5.6 The prophy cup foot is splayed to polish the root surface of the ...Figure 5.7 After irrigating all debris and prophy paste off the tooth, a gen...Figure 5.8 Area of redundant tissue between mandibular canines after incisor...Figure 5.9 Make a reverse bevel incision into the proximal tissue, extending...Figure 5.10 Using crown and collar scissors or curettes, debride the pocket ...Figure 5.11 Further debride the now accessible area adjacent to 304, using a...Figure 5.12 Suture the healthy gingival margins with care at the mesial aspe...

6 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 (a) 15C scalpel blade, scalpel handle, Molt #2 periosteal elevato...Figure 6.2 Releasing incisions are full thickness, extending through the att...Figure 6.3 The blade can be used to freshen the gingival margin edge before ...Figure 6.4 The tip of the blade can be introduced into the sulcus to release...Figure 6.5 (a) The periosteal elevator is introduced at the edge of the flap...Figure 6.6 (a) The periosteal fibers on the underside of the flap must be ge...Figure 6.7 After the mesial (rostral) incision is made, a distal incision, a...Figure 6.8 With proper release, the mesial corner of the flap can be rotated...Figure 6.9 An incision is made at the distal aspect of the mandibular canine...Figure 6.10 (a) At the caudal extent of the first incision, a Y‐shaped incis...Figure 6.11 An incision at the mesial (rostral) aspect of the mandibular can...Figure 6.12 (a) Distal releasing incision of right mandibular first molar. (...Figure 6.13 Envelope flap to provide access without releasing incisions.Figure 6.14 For periodontal therapy, the releasing incision will be made at ...Figure 6.15 The interdental release is made at the lingual aspect of the man...

7 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 Dental extraction forceps, winged dental elevator, and crosscut f...Figure 7.2 Using a round bur on a high‐speed handpiece, alveolar bone may be...Figure 7.3 A crosscut fissure bur on a high‐speed handpiece is used with the...Figure 7.4 A dental elevator, with its tip sharpened, is carefully advanced ...Figure 7.5 A dental elevator can be used with controlled force between crown...Figure 7.6 A dental elevator can be used between a tooth segment to be eleva...Figure 7.7 The dental elevator can be rotated after placement to stretch and...Figure 7.8 Once the periodontal ligament is completely fatigued, and the too...Figure 7.9 After the tooth has been removed, gently curette the alveolus to ...Figure 7.10 Any rough edges of alveolar bone should be reduced and smoothed ...Figure 7.11 Envelope flap for simple exposure without releasing incisions.Figure 7.12 Use a small crosscut fissure bur (#699) to section a feline mand...Figure 7.13 Grooves can be made in the alveolar bone at the mesial (rostral)...Figure 7.14 (a) The crosscut fissure bur is used from the buccal furcation o...Figure 7.15 (a) Begin to section through the two mesial roots (buccal and pa...Figure 7.16 A section of the distal aspect of the distal crown can be remove...Figure 7.17 If the palatal root is not easily elevated, or root tip is fract...Figure 7.18 Smooth the roughened edges of alveolar bone before suturing (alv...Figure 7.19 The lower first molar is sectioned with the crosscut fissure bur...Figure 7.20 The distal root of the lower first molar is elevated.Figure 7.21 Once the distal root is gone, cancellous bone at the distal aspe...Figure 7.22 A groove on the distal aspect of the mesial root can make elevat...Figure 7.23 Once the Y‐shaped flap at the distal aspect of the canine is rai...Figure 7.24 A groove may be made at the mesial aspect of the mandibular cani...Figure 7.25 (a) Elevation of the distal aspect of the tooth should follow th...Figure 7.26 With proper flap procedures, the site should be closed without t...

8 Chapter 8Figure 8.1 The pain pathway.Figure 8.2 Analgesia is most effective when administered prior to surgical s...Figure 8.3 Infraorbital block: the distance from the rostral foramen opening...Figure 8.4 Infraorbital block: the distance from the rostral foramen opening...Figure 8.5 Deep infraorbital block exits the infraorbital canal at the level...Figure 8.6 Red line shows needle placement for intraoral maxillary nerve blo...Figure 8.7 Maxillary block: alternative subzygomatic approach with the needl...Figure 8.8 Maxillary block: alternative subzygomatic approach. The syringe a...Figure 8.9 The middle mental foramen: ventral and slightly rostral to the ma...Figure 8.10 Inferior alveolar block: the distal foramen of the mandibular ca...Figure 8.11 Inferior alveolar block: extraoral approach. While identifying a...Figure 8.12 Inferior alveolar block: intraoral approach. Direct the needle t...

9 Chapter 9Figure 9.1 Tabletop lead shield for radiation protection that bends in the m...Figure 9.2 Standard equipment for oral assessment and cleaning: (left to rig...Figure 9.3 Standard equipment for oral surgery: (bottom, left to right) LaGr...Figure 9.4 High‐speed handpiece.Figure 9.5 (a) Burs for sectioning in a high‐speed handpiece: (left to rightFigure 9.6 Dental elevators: (top) luxator (flat elevator); (bottom) winged ...Figure 9.7 Small elevator (1.3S) used for feline teeth or root tips.Figure 9.8 Root‐tip pick (RT‐1).Figure 9.9 Dental extraction forceps: (left to right) curved tips, small bre...Figure 9.10 Periosteal elevator: double‐ended with Molt #4 and Molt #2.Figure 9.11 LaGrange tissue scissors.Figure 9.12 Tissue forceps: rat‐tooth and Adson (Adson‐Brown).Figure 9.13 Castroviejo needle drivers.Figure 9.14 Monofilament suture material.Figure 9.15 Lip retractor.Figure 9.16 Cube piezotome.Figure 9.17 Sharpening the inside curve of a winged elevator on the rounded ...Figure 9.18 Sharpening the edge of a periosteal elevator.Figure 9.19 Placing the cutting edge of a curette at a 90° angle to the ston...Figure 9.20 Adjusting the head 20° to facilitate sharpening the edge at the ...Figure 9.21 Daily lubrication is needed for high‐speed handpieces.Figure 9.22 Place the oil in the air inlet only (the smaller of the two larg...Figure 9.23 Dental elevators: new one on left (though edge is not sharp); ol...Figure 9.24 Hand curettes: new one on right; old one on left, where use and ...

10 Chapter 10Figure 10.1 Radiograph of developing permanent fourth premolar beneath the d...Figure 10.2 Multiple persistent deciduous teeth, including the maxillary can...Figure 10.3 Permanent mandibular incisors and canines erupting lingual to th...

11 Chapter 11Figure 11.1 Bilateral firm painful mandibular swellings.Figure 11.2 Extensive periosteal new bone formation (exostoses) affecting bo...

12 Chapter 12Figure 12.1 Generalized enamel hypocalcification defects including the incis...Figure 12.2 Local or focal influences (e.g. trauma, even from deciduous toot...Figure 12.3 Generalized enamel hypocalcification of mandibular teeth.Figure 12.4 Radiograph of teeth shown in Figure 12.3 showing extensive root ...

13 Chapter 13Figure 13.1 Operculum covering mandibular incisors and canines.Figure 13.2 Apparently missing right mandibular first premolar (406).Figure 13.3 Radiograph of site in Figure 13.2 shows unerupted first premolar...Figure 13.4 Extensive operculum covering left mandibular premolars and molar...Figure 13.5 Operculectomy excision with flap repositioned and closed.

14 Chapter 14Figure 14.1 Bilaterally missing mandibular first premolar, confirmed radiogr...Figure 14.2 Nine‐month old Chinese crested presented (for neutering) with 11...

15 Chapter 15Figure 15.1 Bilateral supernumerary mandibular third incisors with crowding....Figure 15.2 Supernumerary right mandibular fourth premolars in a cat.Figure 15.3 Radiograph of a cat mandible with indistinct tooth structure cau...Figure 15.4 Once the fourth premolar is extracted, the retained roots of the...Figure 15.5 Even with two supernumerary maxillary incisors there is no crowd...

16 Chapter 16Figure 16.1 Extensive dilaceration at the palatal aspect of the right maxill...Figure 16.2 Small‐breed abnormal mandibular first molar with defect at the n...Figure 16.3 Radiograph of abnormal mandibular first molar with slight conver...

17 Chapter 17Figure 17.1 Formation of a nonpainful soft swelling at the site of a missing...Figure 17.2 Radiolucent unilocular (single‐compartment) cyst originating fro...Figure 17.3 (a, b) Surgical extraction of an unerupted tooth.

18 Chapter 18Figure 18.1 (a) Overlapping flap technique for congenital secondary cleft pa...Figure 18.2 (a) Chronic oronasal communication secondary to gunshot trauma. ...Figure 18.3 (a) Buccal mucosal flap elevated for (b) closure of a lateral ha...Figure 18.4 (a) Oronasal communication (arrow) following maxillectomy for fi...Figure 18.5 (a) Chronic oronasal communication in a cat. (b) A silastic naso...

19 Chapter 19Figure 19.1 An ideal occlusion on a model.Figure 19.2 Evaluating a deciduous malocclusion by assessing incisor and can...Figure 19.3 Labioversion of 404, with tip of crown contacting palate; (mild ...Figure 19.4 Significant base‐narrow canine in addition to, or because of, a ...Figure 19.5 Class 3 malocclusion.Figure 19.6 Mild to moderate mesioversion (rostroversion) of mandibular cani...Figure 19.7 Delayed loss of deciduous mandibular canines has caused the perm...Figure 19.8 Class 2 malocclusion with trauma to palate from mandibular canin...Figure 19.9 A Class 2 malocclusion in this puppy was managed by carefully ex...Figure 19.10 Brachycephalic feline breeds may present with a deciduous maloc...Figure 19.11 Mixed dentition malocclusion with multiple issues: persistent d...Figure 19.12 Select extraction of deciduous teeth and any incisors that migh...Figure 19.13 With mild linguoversion of mandibular canines, if a gingivoplas...Figure 19.14 With moderate linguoversion of mandibular canines, additional t...Figure 19.15 With severe linguoversion of mandibular canines, particularly i...Figure 19.16 In the patient with the deciduous malocclusion and interceptive...

20 Chapter 20Figure 20.1 Intraoral radiograph of the dog left maxilla demonstrating each ...Figure 20.2 Intraoral radiographs of dog (a) and cat (b) with PD stage 0–1. ...Figure 20.3 Intraoral radiographs of dog (a) and cat (b) with PD stage 2. (a...Figure 20.4 Intraoral radiographs of dog (a) and cat (b) with PD stage 3 rad...Figure 20.5 Intraoral radiographs of dog (a) and cat (b) with PD stage 4. (a...

21 Chapter 21Figure 21.1 Gingival hyperplasia is an overgrowth of the gingival margin tha...Figure 21.2 Gingiva thickened in a labial to lingual direction at the mandib...Figure 21.3 While not true gingival hyperplasia, local irritations such as p...Figure 21.4 (a) Measure the extent of the pocket with the periodontal probe....Figure 21.5 Crown and collar scissors used to follow the depth of the pseudo...Figure 21.6 A 12‐fluted bur can be used to remove smaller amounts of enlarge...Figure 21.7 Identify and follow the likely position of the original attached...Figure 21.8 Make a reverse bevel incision just inside the attached gingiva....Figure 21.9 Excise wedge of enlarged gingival tissue around and in between t...Figure 21.10 Suture interdentally to secure the gingiva.

22 Chapter 22Figure 22.1 This chronic oronasal fistula with canine tooth already lost mai...Figure 22.2 When utilizing a full‐thickness mucoperiosteal flap, the fibers ...Figure 22.3 A persistent oronasal fistula with inflamed tissue and missing p...Figure 22.4 A broad‐based full‐thickness flap is harvested, freshening all e...Figure 22.5 Complete closure with simple interrupted sutures.

23 Chapter 23Figure 23.1 Caudal mucositis in a cat with feline stomatitis.Figure 23.2 Contact mucositis of 204, and other teeth where the buccal mucos...Figure 23.3 Lingual and contact mucositis with proliferative lingual tissue....

24 Chapter 24Figure 24.1 Intrinsic staining of mandibular canine likely due to blunt trau...Figure 24.2 Intrinsic discoloration likely due to internal resorption.

25 Chapter 25Figure 25.1 Pink disclosing solution identifies deep occlusal pits on the le...Figure 25.2 Tight interdental contact with the adjacent premolar resulted in...Figure 25.3 A large carious lesion of the right maxillary first molar tooth ...Figure 25.4 Preoperative photographs of stage 2 caries on a left maxillary f...Figure 25.5 Postoperative photographs of a stage 2 caries restoration.Figure 25.6 Radiographic appearance of a carious lesion of the mesial cusp o...

26 Chapter 26Figure 26.1 Wear/attrition on incisors with rough edges, likely due to traum...Figure 26.2 Wear/attrition on incisors with smooth surfaces and exposed repa...Figure 26.3 Early attrition of distal aspect of mandibular canine resulting ...

27 Chapter 27Figure 27.1 Typical appearance of infraorbital abscess with draining tract o...Figure 27.2 Draining tract opening just apical to the mucogingival junction,...Figure 27.3 Chevron effect: a normal finding on dental radiographs. This 104...Figure 27.4 For comparison in the same patient, periapical apical bone loss ...Figure 27.5 Apical tooth/root resorption due to apical periodontitis.Figure 27.6 Appearance of periapical lucency at the distal root of right max...

28 Chapter 28Figure 28.1 Discolored left maxillary canine.Figure 28.2 Radiograph of discolored tooth (right) shows a canal wider than ...Figure 28.3 Transillumination of a nonvital tooth: the light is diffused and...

29 Chapter 29Figure 29.1 Canine acanthomatous ameloblastoma (CAA) in the right rostral ma...Figure 29.2 Radiographic appearance of CAA.Figure 29.3 Peripheral odontogenic fibroma (POF) arising from the attached g...Figure 29.4 Radiographic appearance of the POF, with calcification (osseous ...

30 Chapter 30Figure 30.1 Facial swelling at the site of an odontoma.Figure 30.2 “Missing” left maxillary canine (204) with gingival swelling....Figure 30.3 Crown of unerupted 204 visible during surgical removal.Figure 30.4 Intraoral radiograph of right rostral maxilla with unerupted 204...Figure 30.5 Surgical removal of all denticles and 204 accompanied enucleatio...

31 Chapter 31Figure 31.1 Oral papilloma on the palate of a young dog.

32 Chapter 32Figure 32.1 Large, proliferative, variably pigmented mass in the caudal left...

33 Chapter 33Figure 33.1 Fibrosarcoma of a dog’s rostral right maxilla.Figure 33.2 Radiograph of patient in Figure 33.1: osseous changes are eviden...

34 Chapter 34Figure 34.1 Gingival swelling of right mandible in a cat.Figure 34.2 Radiograph of swelling reveals significant osseous changes.Figure 34.3 Proliferative sublingual mass in a dog.

35 Chapter 35Figure 35.1 Osteosarcoma of a dog’s right mandible manifesting as a red, fri...Figure 35.2 Radiograph of osteosarcoma: bony lysis rather than hard tissue p...Figure 35.3 Epitheliotropic T‐cell lymphoma: diffuse depigmentary changes of...

36 Chapter 36Figure 36.1 Radiograph of a small discrete osteoma on feline right mandible....Figure 36.2 Pyogenic granuloma at site of 409 extraction in a cat, likely du...Figure 36.3 Traumatic granuloma (“gum‐chewer’s lesion”) under tongue: this i...Figure 36.4 Focal fibrous hyperplasia (FFH) needs to be distinguished from o...Figure 36.5 Radiograph of FFH lesion: minimal osseous changes suggestive of ...

37 Chapter 38Figure 38.1 Distracted fracture fragments, with caudal fragment pulled dorsa...Figure 38.2 Facial deformity and open‐mouth appearance of patient with maxil...Figure 38.3 Pathologic mandibular fracture with osteomyelitis as a result of...Figure 38.4 Maxillomandibular fixation in a cat with multiple caudal mandibu...Figure 38.5 Composite mandibular splint in edentulous patient (before final ...Figure 38.6 Risdon interdental wiring technique for bilateral mandibular fra...Figure 38.7 The combination of an interdental wiring technique with composit...Figure 38.8 Bilateral Risdon interdental wiring and composite splint for man...Figure 38.9 Mini‐plate fixation of maxilla (cadaver example).Figure 38.10 Occlusion must be checked often during reduction and repair of ...Figure 38.11 Patient with extraoral intubation via pharyngotomy.Figure 38.12 Mandibular fracture with root fracture of mandibular first mola...Figure 38.13 Allograft material mixed with patient’s blood for placement at ...Figure 38.14 Interdental wiring and composite appliance.Figure 38.15 Symphyseal wiring technique. (a) Passing of needle through soft...Figure 38.16 The traumatized mandibular first molar can now be treated via e...Figure 38.17 Nonunion of a mandibular fracture in a geriatric patient. Signi...

38 Chapter 39Figure 39.1 Skull simulating locking of the coronoid process of the mandible...Figure 39.2 Atrophy of the masticatory muscles due to chronic MMM.Figure 39.3 Skull radiograph of unilateral left TMJ luxation (arrow) in a ca...Figure 39.4 With a luxation of the TMJ, a dowel can be placed between the ca...Figure 39.5 To reduce oral mobility and the chance of re‐luxation, labial bu...

39 Chapter 40Figure 40.1 (a) Loss of dental hard substance and red spots at 107. (b) Loss...Figure 40.2 Tooth resorption stage 1.Figure 40.3 Tooth resorption stage 2.Figure 40.4 Tooth resorption stage 3.Figure 40.5 (a) Tooth resorption stage 4a; (b) tooth resorption stage 4b; (c...Figure 40.6 Tooth resorption stage 5.Figure 40.7 Tooth resorption type 1: inflammatory.Figure 40.8 Tooth resorption type 2: replacement, odontoclastic.Figure 40.9 Tooth resorption type 3: combination of types 1 and 2.Figure 40.10 Tooth resorption evident on lingual surface of 409 in a dog.Figure 40.11 Tooth resorption type 2: replacement at 407. A modified extract...Figure 40.12 Tooth resorption type 2: replacement at 104. Removal of crown w...Figure 40.13 Tooth resorption type 1 of 409 and mesial root 407. Full elevat...

40 Chapter 41Figure 41.1 Caudal mucositis.Figure 41.2 FCGS with extensive inflammation around premolars and molars, an...Figure 41.3 Reasonable resolution of inflammation with caudal mouth extracti...Figure 41.4 Refractory stomatitis treated with laser resulting in significan...

41 Chapter 42Figure 42.1 Bilateral maxillary canine teeth: chronic osteitis with bulging ...Figure 42.2 Supereruption (extrusion) of left maxillary canine with addition...Figure 42.3 Radiograph of right maxillary canine with osseous bulging of alv...

42 Chapter 44Figure 44.1 Mulitple sialoliths were found as an incidental finding near the...Figure 44.2 A small ranula forming on the ventral surface of the tongue of a...

43 Chapter 45Figure 45.1 Sublingual traumatic granuloma (“gum chewer’s lesion”).Figure 45.2 Ulceration on tongue of kitten with suspected feline herpesvirus...Figure 45.3 Calcinosis circumscripta on ventral tongue.Figure 45.4 Significant bilateral malformation of the primary cleft with ext...Figure 45.5 Muscle atrophy of masticatory muscles evident in chronic cases o...Figure 45.6 Partially healed sublingual laceration; biopsy may be needed to ...Figure 45.7 Eosinophilic granuloma plaque on palate.

44 Appendix CFigure C‐1 Dental fracture classification: enamel infraction (EI).Figure C‐2 Dental fracture classification: enamel fracture (EF).Figure C‐3 Dental fracture classification: uncomplicated crown fracture (UCF...Figure C‐4 Dental fracture classification: complicated crown fracture (CCF)....Figure C‐5 Dental fracture classification: uncomplicated crown–root fracture...Figure C‐6 Dental fracture classification: complicated crown–root fracture (...Figure C‐7 Dental fracture classification: root fracture (RF).Figure C‐8 Stages of tooth resorption: Stage 1 (TR 1).Figure C‐9 Stages of tooth resorption: Stage 2 (TR 2).Figure C‐10 Stages of tooth resorption: Stage 3 (TR 3).Figure C‐11 Stages of tooth resorption: Stage 4a (TR 4a).Figure C‐12 Stages of tooth resorption: Stage 4b (TR 4b).Figure C‐13 Stages of tooth resorption: Stage 4c (TR 4c).Figure C‐14 Stages of tooth resorption: Stage 5 (TR 5).Figure C‐15 Type of tooth resorption: Type 1 (T1).Figure C‐16 Type of tooth resorption: Type 2 (T2).Figure C‐17 Type of tooth resorption: Type 3 (T3).