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1 R. Carnap, ‘The Elimination of Metaphysics through Logical Analysis of Language’ [Überwindung der Metaphysik durch Logische Analyse der Sprache, 1932]. English version in the following useful collection with a valuable introduction by the editor: A. J. Ayer (ed.), Logical Positivism (New York: Free Press, 1959).

2 See also O. Hanfling (ed.), Essential Readings in Logical Positivism (Oxford: Blackwell, 1987); A. J. Ayer (ed.), Language, Truth and Logic (2nd edn, London: Gollancz, 1946); P. Schlipp, The Philosophy of Rudolph Carnap (La Salle, Ill.: Open Court, 1963).

3 In terms of online resources, you can find a good overview of logical empiricism which lists Carnap as one of the central contributors to the movement in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy at https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logical-empiricism/ (by R. Creath). The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy has an entry on Carnap at https://www.iep.utm.edu/carnap/ (by M. Murzi); for this topic see section 4 on meaning and verifiability and for an entry on Carnap’s modal logic see https://www.iep.utm.edu/cmlogic/ (by M. Cresswell).

4 For ample information on Carnap and useful links to his works go to http://www.carnap.org/maintained by D. Marshall (University of Minnesota).

5 The BBC program In Our Time has a podcast in which M. Bragg and guests discuss Logical Positivism, the radical philosophy of the Vienna Circle. You can listen to it by going to https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00lbsj3 (2009).