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^* William James, ‘What Pragmatism Means’, abridged with minor formatting changes from the second in a series of lectures given in Boston and Columbia University in 1906–1907 and published as a book in 1907 under the title Pragmatism (Longmans Green, New York).

1 1 Charles Sanders Peirce, ‘How to Make Our Ideas Clear’ (1878).

2 2 ‘Regnant’: in control, dominant (literally ‘ruling’).

3 3 For nominalism, see introduction to Part III, section 3.

4 4 For utilitarianism, see Part VIII, section 7.

5 5 For positivism, see Part II, section 11.

6 6 F. C. S. Schiller (1864–1937), an influential pragmatist thinker of the time; John Dewey (1859–1952), leading pragmatist philosopher, psychologist and educational theorist, who developed a version of pragmatism he called ‘instrumentalism’.

7 7 See introduction to Part VI, section 7.