Читать книгу Communicating Science in Times of Crisis - Группа авторов - Страница 40

The dilemma we humans find ourselves in is as obvious as it is intractable. Our remarkably impressive cognitive capacities have endowed us with the ability to reflect upon the past introspectively, experience the present in all its intensity, and contemplate the infinite. Yet, as we learn, grow, and survive, we are faced with the fragility of our existence and constantly reminded of the inevitability of our mortality and the inescapable certitude of our eventual death. Over millions of years of evolution, our species has been phylogenetically prepared and ontogenetically motivated to strive for immortality. It is the conflict between our striving for the infinite and our comprehension of the finitude of our existence that generates the potential for crushing anxiety at the prospect of ultimate demise. As TMT research has affirmed, thoughts about death frequently menace us with trepidation and threaten our equanimity on an almost daily basis. Consequently, when death thoughts become accessible, we are motivated to reduce the resulting existential anxiety via a range of conscious and nonconscious defenses. More than 35 years of empirical observation has confirmed the validity of TMT as an explanatory framework for predicting a very broad range of motivation-based phenomena, including intergroup conflict, ethnic strife, racism, derogation of dissimilar others, dogmatism, intolerance for ambiguity, and all manner of violent behaviors that some have characterized as the essence of evil (Greenberg & Kosloff, 2008; Jost et al., 2003; Lifshin et al., 2017).

On the other hand, hundreds of experimental studies applying TMT have also documented a vast array of positive motivation-based phenomena predicted by the theory as well, including the unstinting investment so many humans are willing to make in efforts to strengthen and secure their close personal relations (Florian et al., 2002), as well as improve and enhance their physical and mental health (Goldenberg & Arndt, 2008). According to TMT, these efforts toward bodily and emotional strength are associated with a number of other positive and transformative paths in life, including community involvement and the building of supportive connections (Arndt et al., 2002), the fostering of creative and open-minded behaviors (Routledge et al., 2004), the instantiation and maintenance of positive values and beliefs (Crocker & Wolfe, 2001; Vess & Arndt, 2008), and the prioritizing of positive growth-oriented goals (Vail et al., 2012). These studies, and other similar explorations, provide important implications for health communication scholars considering many of the central variables involved in our efforts to cope with and survive cataclysmic events such as the COVID-19 pandemic.

Of particular value and use when attempting to handle the daunting challenges posed by a global pandemic is a form of reciprocal altruism that, under the right conditions, can develop and blossom in response to crisis. Hirschberger et al. (2008) have shown how MS can foster the development of peaceful, healthy, and charitable communities when the prosocial causes pursued promote terror management defensive processes by helping individuals establish a belief in their own worth as a valued member of a group, playing a meaningful role in response to the needs of other group members. In so doing, the individual contributes to the community in worthwhile ways that reinforce a social contract that further ensures all community members can be relied upon to help one another. In this way, as Hirschberger et al. (2008) note, such reciprocal altruism indirectly promotes the individual’s own personal safety along with that of the community, while also boosting self-esteem, solidifying personal bonds, and instantiating the highest values central to a vibrant and stable CWV. Through the strengthening of all three of these psychological mechanisms, the latent but incessant threat of existential anxiety experienced during a global pandemic may be alleviated.

Granted, humans are naturally inclined to favor ingroups over outgroups relations (Tajfel, 1970); however, TMT offers some promising pathways for reducing the incidence and negative consequences of outgroup discrimination and dissociative behavior. Perhaps, foremost among these paths, research has shown how cultivating and elevating noble values and principles such as tolerance, empathy, compassion, openness, and creativity can be conducive to overcoming the rigid application of outgroup bias prompted by the existential dread following from the contemplation of death. Greenberg, Simon et al. (1992) have demonstrated how tolerance and egalitarianism can be encouraged and even maximized following DTA, as long as these two key values are primed before mortality is made salient. In a similar way, other values central to the highest principles of our CWV—freedom, equality, fairness, liberty, and justice—might also be primed within our collective consciousness during times of crisis, thereby fortifying the values and concepts embodying the most transcendent aspects of our CWV, and thereby brought to bear on how we choose to engage in our anxiety buffering efforts.

Finally, the calm assurance of our close, personal relationships functions as perhaps the most effective shield against existential anxiety, offering us a form of genomic immortality by sending our genetic material into the future. As a buffer against existential anxiety, our close personal relationships may be even more psychologically reassuring than the symbolic immortality offered by our CWV (Miller & Massey, 2019). Thus, developing more secure and deeper bonds may greatly reduce our reliance on self-serving, culturally “received” (as opposed to personally “authentic”) forms of coping, thereby obviating the need for many destructive, dissociative behaviors and biases.

A terror management perspective on meaning and growth may also provide many rich and effective ways for overcoming the tendency to behave in maladaptive ways, while adopting more growth-oriented paths toward a healthy and meaningful life (Rogers et al., 2019). Despite all the negative consequences the experience of existential anxiety may bring in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, there may nonetheless be a silver lining at the end of this ordeal. As Rogers et al. (2019) suggest, reflecting upon our mortality in ways that purposefully illuminate the greater aspects of our individual nature can shift our focus toward the pursuit of more intrinsically (as opposed to extrinsically) rewarding goals, while promoting more prosocial actions, intentions, and behaviors. Although an unconscious focus on death can create anxiety and dread, a more conscious contemplative view of one’s mortal nature can relate positively to feelings of authenticity and worth and help to instill a stronger desire to live in greater health and harmony with those around us.