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IoT services in smart cities are of great interest and are implemented not only for the welfare of human lives, but also to reduce the operational costs in administration. Some of the major administration policies are in the hands of local bodies such as corporations and municipalities. Services offered through smart cities include smart water management, smart lighting, and smart waste management. These advantageous developments through IoT can be used within smart homes, grid stations and also in workplaces for efficient management of energy usage as shown in Figure 1.3 [9].

Figure 1.3 Smart city architecture.

Figure 1.4 IoT with Smart-Aqua sensors via cloud.

A smart city mission is initiated in all nations for renewal of citizens’ lives through digital technologies. Also, the Government of India has aimed to develop at least 100 smart cities. Smart cities are equipped with innovative technologies such as 5G, Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) and well-established Information Technology (IT) infrastructure. These technologies provide necessary services like water supply, transportation, recycling, and electricity in a smart manner, i.e., via connection of sensors, actuators and gateways to WSN. This connectivity helps to monitor, record and control the environment, which will help to satisfy the needs of the citizens. For instance, if a smart water monitoring system is considered, pollution level in water can be easily monitored through mobile phones (end devices) and IoT sensors (Smart Aqua Sensors) which are connected via the cloud as shown in Figure 1.4 [10]. Analysis of data on water monitoring can also be processed in order to display the results.