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Bioethics
Читать книгу Bioethics - Группа авторов - Страница 1
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Страница 1
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Illustrations
Guide
Pages
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Acknowledgments
Introduction
Notes
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1 Abortion and Infanticide
I Abortion and Infanticide
II Terminology: “Person” versus “Human Being”
III The Basic Issue: When is a Member of the Species
Homo sapiens
a Person?
IV Some Critical Comments on Alternative Proposals
V Refutation of the Conservative Position
VI Summary and Conclusions
Notes
2 A Defense of Abortion
Notes
3 The Wrong of Abortion
Embryos and Fetuses are Complete (though Immature) Human Beings
No‐Person Arguments: The Dualist Version
No‐Person Arguments: The Evaluative Version
The Argument that Abortion is Justified as Non‐intentional Killing
References
Further reading
Notes
4 Why Abortion is Immoral
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
Notes
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Introduction
Assisted Reproduction
Prenatal Screening, Sex Selection, and Cloning
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6 The Meaning of Synthetic Gametes for Gay and Lesbian People and Bioethics Too
Controversial Parenthood
Protecting Children from Some Possible Parents
Conclusions
References
7 Rights, Interests, and Possible People
Notes
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8 Genetics and Reproductive Risk: Can Having Children Be Immoral?
Huntington’s Disease
Possible Children and Potential Parents
Notes
9 Sex Selection and Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis
Background
The General Ethical Debate
Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis and Sex Selection: Joining the Particular Issues
Recommendations
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11 Why We Should Not Permit Embryos to Be Selected as Tissue Donors
Children as Things
What Kind of Ethics Do We Need?
12 The Moral Status of Human Cloning: Neo‐Lockean Persons versus Human Embryos
Introduction
1 A Crucial Concept: neo‐Lockean Persons 1.1 John Locke’s concept of a person
1.2 The concept of a neo‐Lockean person
1.3 Distortions of the concept of a neo‐Lockean person
1.4 Neo‐Lockean persons and the right to life
2 Cloning to Produce Human Organisms that Will Never Become Persons 2.1 Cloning for medical purposes or scientific research
2.2 Cloning to produce a human organ bank
2.3 Arguments Against Such Cloning
2.3.1 Appeals to immaterial minds or souls
2.3.2 Appeals to potentialities
2.3.3 The appeal to a future like ours
2.3.4 Against human organ banks?
3 Cloning to Produce Persons
3.1 Is cloning that aims at producing future persons intrinsically wrong?
3.1.1 Does a person have a right to a genetically unique nature?
3.1.2 The “Open Future” Argument
3.1.3 Causing psychological distress
3.1.4 Failing to treat individuals as ends in themselves
3.1.5 Interfering with personal autonomy
3.2 Consequentialist objections to cloning to produce persons
3.2.1 Cloned persons would have lives less worth living because of reduced life expectancy
3.2.2 The low rate of success objection
3.2.3 Brave New World objections
3.3 Arguments in favor of cloning to produce persons
3.3.1 Cloning to avoid the transmission of hereditary diseases
3.3.2 Happier and healthier individuals
3.3.3 Enabling individuals to have a genetically related child who otherwise could not do so
3.3.3.1 Infertility
3.3.3.2 Children for homosexual couples
3.3.4 Cloning to save existing persons
3.3.5 More satisfying childrearing: Individuals with desired traits
3.3.6 Using self‐knowledge to increase the chance that childrearing will go well for both oneself and one’s children
3.3.7 Benefiting society: Producing people who have the potential for making significant contributions to human well‐being
3.3.8 furthering scientific knowledge: Psychology, the causes of traits of character, and the rearing of children
Conclusion
References
Note
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13 Questions about Some Uses of Genetic Engineering
Avoiding the Debate about Genes and the Environment
Methods of Changing the Genetic Composition of Future Generations
The Positive–Negative Distinction
The View that Overall Improvement is Unlikely or Impossible
The Family and Our Descendants
Risks and Mistakes
Not Playing God
The Genetic Supermarket
A Mixed System
Values
Notes
14 The Moral Significance of the Therapy–Enhancement Distinction in Human Genetics
Introduction
Somatic versus Germline Interventions
The Concepts of Health and Disease
The Goals of Medicine
Our Humanness
The Rights of the Unborn
Eugenics
Conclusion: The Significance of the Distinction
Notes
15 In Defense of Posthuman Dignity
Transhumanists vs. Bioconservatives
Two Fears about the Posthuman
Is Human Dignity Incompatible with Posthuman Dignity?
Why We Need Posthuman Dignity
Notes
16 Statement on NIH Funding of Research Using Gene‐Editing Technologies in Human Embryos
17 Genome Editing and Assisted Reproduction: Curing Embryos, Society or Prospective Parents?
Introduction: Genetic Diseases, Genome Editing and Existing Alternatives
PGD and Assisted Reproduction
CRISPR and Assisted Reproduction
Assisted Reproduction and PGD, or Assisted Reproduction and CRISPR?
The Case for Genome Editing: Two Sets of Arguments
Selection versus Therapy
Curing Embryos, Society or Prospective Parents?
Reproductive autonomy, child welfare and the interests of society
Societal interests and the costs of introducing genome editing in the context of assisted reproduction
Conclusions: Context Matters
References
Notes
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