Читать книгу Spectroscopy for Materials Characterization - Группа авторов - Страница 4

1 Chapter 1Figure 1.1 Schematic representation of a beam of light at wavelength λ ...Figure 1.2 Bottom: Typical absorption spectrum registered as a function of w...Figure 1.3 Typical decay curve as a function of time of the emission. For t ...Figure 1.4 Top: Schematic representation of two energy‐level atom. The arrow...Figure 1.5 On the left: Schematic representation of the configuration total ...Figure 1.6 Jablonski diagram for the transition processes of electrons among...Figure 1.7 Pictorial representation of the instrumentations to carry out spe...Figure 1.8 Top: Absorption spectra of holmium glass filter at various bandwi...Figure 1.9 Absorption spectrum of a commercial fused quartz glass featuring ...Figure 1.10 Absorption spectra of CdSe/ZnS core–shell nanoparticles at diffe...Figure 1.11 Emission spectrum of the commercial fused quartz glass with the ...

2 Chapter 2Figure 2.1 Configuration coordinate diagram. The potential energy of the gro...Figure 2.2 Configuration coordinate diagram where are depicted the zero‐phon...Figure 2.3 Configuration coordinate diagram showing the potential energy of ...Figure 2.4 Scheme describing the absorption and luminescence of a sample of ...Figure 2.5 Diagram of the CCD timing: Gate ON and Gate OFF modes.Figure 2.6 Structure of the NBOHC and p orbitals of the dangling oxygen in t...Figure 2.7 Time‐resolved PL spectra acquired at different delays in the samp...Figure 2.8 Panel (a): Semilog plots of the PL decay in surface‐NBOHC (S─i─O...Figure 2.9 Time‐resolved PL spectra of surface‐NBOHC (Si─O─)³Si─O^• un...Figure 2.10 Panel (a): Time‐resolved PL spectrum of surface‐NBOHC (Si─O─)₃S...Figure 2.11 Panel (a): Time‐resolved PL spectrum of surface‐NBOHC (Si─O─)₃S...Figure 2.12 Time‐resolved PL spectrum of the surface‐NBOHC (Si─O─)₃Si─O^•...Figure 2.13 Panel (a): Time‐resolved PL spectra of surface‐NBOHC (Si─O─)₃Si...

3 Chapter 3Figure 3.1 Panel (a): Simulation of a gaussian pulse centered at 550 nm with...Figure 3.2 Top: (a) Wavevectors of pump (), signal (), and idler () in th...Figure 3.3 On the left panel, a hypothetical signal decomposed into three co...Figure 3.4 Scheme of a typical pump–probe setup.Figure 3.5 Scheme of a typical fluorescence upconversion setup.Figure 3.6 Panel (a): Scheme of the three‐pulse sequence used in time‐resolv...Figure 3.7 A possible configuration for a time‐resolved stimulated Raman exp...Figure 3.8 (a) TA spectra of CdSe NCs recorded at 0.1, 0.5, and 2 ps compare...Figure 3.9 TA spectra of bare CDs (a) and with 100 mM of Cu²⁺ (b) recorded a...

4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 Light emitted by a point source is imaged as a diffraction patter...Figure 4.2 PSF as a function of the numerical aperture (NA). Top: intensity ...Figure 4.3 Optical sectioning of 3D sample. 3D measurements are reconstructe...Figure 4.4 Schematic of a laser scanning confocal fluorescence microscope.Figure 4.5 Jablonski diagram. Single (blue, left), two‐photon (red, center),...Figure 4.6 A schematic representation of the localization of one‐photon and ...Figure 4.7 A schematic of typical components in a two‐photon scanning micros...Figure 4.8 Fluorescence emission of a molecule: (a) emission depends on the ...Figure 4.9 Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP). Fluorescence s...Figure 4.10 Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS). (a) Fluorescence ar...Figure 4.11 (a) Crystal plane consisting of PMMA particles with different ch...Figure 4.12 (a) Confocal image of a model BHJ made of APFO3/PCBM; yellow (wh...Figure 4.13 Microplastics detection and identification using fluorescent Nil...Figure 4.14 RICS analysis. (a) Raster scanning imaging. (b) Spatiotemporal c...Figure 4.15 Examples of EGFP diffusion in different environments. (a) Intens...

5 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 Schematic representation of vibrational energy levels for fundame...Figure 5.2 Schematic representation of six vibrational modes of an AX₂ group...Figure 5.3 (a) Dipole moment of carbon dioxide molecule, and schematic repre...Figure 5.4 (a) Dipole moment of water molecule, and schematic representation...Figure 5.5 Infrared spectrum of butyric acid.Figure 5.6 Schematic representation of a Michelson interferometer.Figure 5.7 Wave interaction: interference.Figure 5.8 Interferogram obtained for polychromatic radiation.Figure 5.9 Radiant energy received by a surface per unit area (radiant expos...Figure 5.10 Infrared spectrum of Nujol® (a) and hexachlorobutadiene (b) on C...

6 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 Energy levels of a diatomic molecule. Pure electronic and vibrati...Figure 6.2 Energy levels scheme showing the basic transitions involved in no...Figure 6.3 Scheme of energy levels for resonance Raman and fluorescence.Figure 6.4 Raman spectrum of cysteine obtained by using the spectrometer Lab...Figure 6.5 Selection rules for IR and Raman activity of (a) symmetric, (b) a...Figure 6.6 Diatomic chain with masses M ₁ and M ₂ connected by springs of fo...Figure 6.7 Dispersion relation for a diatomic linear chain. The lower branch...Figure 6.8 (a) Schematics of the inelastic scattering of light from a crysta...Figure 6.9 On the left: Schematic diagram of the main parts of a Raman spect...Figure 6.10 Schematic of a Czerny–Turner monochromator. The divergent light ...Figure 6.11 On the left: Principle of confocality. Suppression of radiation ...Figure 6.12 (a) Comparison between the Raman spectra of crystalline silicon ...Figure 6.13 (a) Raman spectra of single crystal diamond and polycrystalline ...Figure 6.14 (a) Raman spectra of graphite and mechanically exfoliated graphe...Figure 6.15 Raman spectra of (a) p‐doped and (b) n‐doped 4H‐SiC samples, bot...Figure 6.16 On the left: Comparison between the Raman spectra obtained from ...

7 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 Typical electronic transitions in semiconductors and insulators: ...Figure 7.2 Simple two‐level model for thermally stimulated luminescence. The...Figure 7.3 Calculated glow curves for first‐order Randall and Wilkins recomb...Figure 7.4 (a) Evolution of a calculated second‐order Garlick and Gibson glo...Figure 7.5 Glow curve obtained after irradiation with X‐rays at 85 K of a LuFigure 7.6 Partial cleaning and initial rise techniques applied to glow curv...Figure 7.7 (a) Normalized isolated first‐order glow peak. The parameter used...Figure 7.8 Comparison between the prediction of the trap depth of the energy...Figure 7.9 Comparison between Density Functional Theory and TSL experimental...

8 Chapter 8Figure 8.1 Radiation‐induced attenuation (RIA) of the SMF28e+ from Corning u...Figure 8.2 Setup for in situ RIA measurements on bulk glasses.Figure 8.3 Setup for in situ RIA measurements on optical fibers: (a) double‐...Figure 8.4 In situ RIA spectral measurements at different TID levels from 50...Figure 8.5 Upper panel: experimental RIA measured at 50, 500, and 1000 Gy of...Figure 8.6 Growth kinetics of the defects in P‐doped fibers as extracted fro...Figure 8.7 (a) Bragg peak detected with a Markus chamber for a 74 MeV proton...Figure 8.8 (a) Transmission spectra recorded before irradiation (continuous ...Figure 8.9 (a) RIA of a P‐doped single‐mode fiber at 1550 nm as a function o...Figure 8.10 (a) PMT output as a function of time for different currents (the...

9 Chapter 9Figure 9.1 Splitting of the energy levels for a system with S = 1/2 in a ma...Figure 9.2 Absorption line of a free or isolated or not interacting unpaire...Figure 9.3 Absorption (top) and first derivative (bottom) EPR magnetic fiel...Figure 9.4 (a) Energy levels scheme for a system with S = I = 1/2, (b) EPR ...Figure 9.5 Energy levels scheme for a system with S = 1/2 and two equivalen...Figure 9.6 (a) EPR spectrum of a system with S = 1/2 and two (n = 2) equiva...Figure 9.7 (a) Energy levels scheme of two electrons having electron‐exchan...Figure 9.8 Simplified block scheme of a general EPR spectrometer.Figure 9.9 Saturation curve of Ge(1), Ge(2), and E′Ge defects in Ge‐doped s...Figure 9.10 (a) Structural model of the E_γ′Si, the gray sphere represe...Figure 9.11 Pulse shapes of the SH intensity, emitted by a dilute ruby samp...Figure 9.12 Experimental curves of the SH transient signal at the resonance...Figure 9.13 Experimental curves of the SH‐FID signal of E′‐Si centers in si...Figure 9.14 Echo signals of E′‐Si centers in silica observed for the sequen...

10 Chapter 10Figure 10.1 (a) The spin magnetic moment. (b) A spin ensemble.Figure 10.2 Precession motion of a magnetic moment around the magnetic fiel...Figure 10.3 Fourier transform of a FID signal (time domain) to an NMR spect...Figure 10.4 (a) Internal section of an NMR superconducting magnet: (1) Magn...Figure 10.5 The effect of the CPMG pulse sequence on nuclear spins.Figure 10.6 An example of H–H homonuclear correlation 2D NMR experiment (CO...Figure 10.7 Dependence of the relaxation times on temperature. T ₂ has an i...Figure 10.8 Cross‐polarization pulse sequence. The equation describing the ...Figure 10.9 A two spin system spectrum and dipolar interactions. The dotted...Figure 10.10 (a) Representation of the magnetic shielding tensor in terms o...Figure 10.11 (a) Typical relaxogram of an extra virgin olive oil (black cur...Figure 10.12 (a) Time scale of the molecular motions that can be investigat...Figure 10.13 Decay (circles) and recovery (squares) curves obtained by appl...Figure 10.14 (a) Typical sigmoidal shape of a nuclear magnetic resonance di...Figure 10.15 Relaxogram of Parmigiano Reggiano cheese. The square magnifies...

11 Chapter 11Figure 11.1 (a) Absorption coefficient as function of energy of a Fe foil me...Figure 11.2 Schematic explanation of the EXAFS phenomenon for isolated atom ...Figure 11.3 pictorially represents the single and multiple scattering paths ...Figure 11.4 Panel A: XANES spectra of Fefoil, FeO Fe₂O₃ and Fe₃O₄. In the in...Figure 11.5 Different steps in data analysis for nickel oxide measured at 77...Figure 11.6 Top: typical experimental layout used in the EXAFS beamlines is ...Figure 11.7 (a) Schematic drawing of a typical inelastic X‐Ray spectroscopy ...Figure 11.8 Panel A: observed and calculated EXAFS signals for the gold cata...Figure 11.9 Combined EXAFS analysis of different edges is a powerful tool fo...Figure 11.10 Panel I: XRS spectra measured at RT, 400 °C, 800 °C and back to...

12 Chapter 12Figure 12.1 General scheme of a XPS instrument. (A) Roughing pumps (Section ...Figure 12.2 Universal curve for the electron inelastic mean free path, Eq. (...Figure 12.3 Example map. A metallic bismuth “island” naturally occurring in ...Figure 12.4 Effects of the SG filter. A white noise (black points) is superi...Figure 12.5 Left: direct comparison between a Shirley background (continuous...Figure 12.6 Visual comparison of normalized Gaussian, Lorentzian, and Voigt ...Figure 12.7 Representation of the Doniach–Sunjic profile. Used parameters: HFigure 12.8 Comparison of survey spectra of the same sample, after different...Figure 12.9 High‐resolution S 2p region spectrum. Continuous line: cumulativ...Figure 12.10 Depth profiles of a multilayer sample, following the relative a...Figure 12.11 Depth profile of silica‐covered silicon. Top: simple quantitati...

13 Chapter 13Figure 13.1 UV photons‐stimulated photoemission and energy band diagram.Figure 13.2 Diagram of relations between work functions of sample and energy...Figure 13.3 The scheme displaying how to measure the width γ of UPS cal...Figure 13.4 Electronic band alignment scheme: ΔE _F and “vacuum shift” Δ meas...Figure 13.5 Angle‐resolved ultraviolet photoemission (ARUPS) scheme.Figure 13.6 Ion‐gun sputtering scheme of a sample surface.Figure 13.7 Dual‐channel charge neutralizer working scheme.Figure 13.8 Combined dual‐source charge neutralizer working scheme.

14 Chapter 14Figure 14.1 The main TEM‐related conventional electron spectroscopies are th...Figure 14.2 A schematic representation of electron energy loss spectrum. The...Figure 14.3 The electronic excitations involving “one‐electron like” transit...Figure 14.4 EELS spectra of diamond, graphite, and amorphous carbon core‐los...Figure 14.5 Comparison of near edge EELS (dotted line) and XANES (solid line...Figure 14.6 Core‐exciton peaks from an EELS spectrum at the carbon K‐edge fo...Figure 14.7 Plasmon dispersion in graphene and graphite depicted by EELS‐TEM...Figure 14.8 Vibrational EELS spectrum from g‐CN_xH_y aggregates recorded at 60...Figure 14.9 A schematic diagram showing how the 3D spectral map is built as ...Figure 14.10 Method for the extraction of quantitative compositional maps in...Figure 14.11 The localized surface plasmon resonance modes supported by a di...Figure 14.12 Schematic view of the focusing and acceleration lenses of a TEM...Figure 14.13 The insertion of a small diaphragm aperture allows the selectio...Figure 14.14 A simplified diagram to illustrate contrast generation in an en...Figure 14.15 Comparison between conventional (CTEM) and an in‐column integra...Figure 14.16 Element distribution images obtained with the three‐windows met...

15 Chapter 15Figure 15.1 Typical scheme of an AM‐AFM microscope.Figure 15.2 Schematic representation of (a) V‐shaped and (b) rectangle‐shape...Figure 15.3 (a) Z and X–Y piezo cylinders composing the segmented tube scann...Figure 15.4 Displacement of a piezoelectric actuator in response to increasi...Figure 15.5 Scheme of the four‐quadrants photodetector for three different g...Figure 15.6 Sphere–flat geometry approximately describing tip and surface ge...Figure 15.7 Qualitative representation of the interaction force between tip ...Figure 15.8 Cross‐sectional shape of meniscus at the interface of sphere and...Figure 15.9 Portions of the tip–force curve involved in Contact and Tapping ...Figure 15.10 (a) Schematic representation of the damped ideal point‐mass spr...Figure 15.11 Graphical representation of the deflection of the cantilever as...Figure 15.12 Graphical representation of the function A(ω) of Eq. (15.5...Figure 15.13 Representation of the effects induced by tip–sample interaction...Figure 15.14 (a) δ(Z _c) and (b) F _ts(d) curves for the idealized case o...Figure 15.15 Typical F _ts(d) curves obtained when the probe approaches (dash...Figure 15.16 (a) 2 μm × 2 μm AFM image of the SiO₂ sample surface obtained a...Figure 15.17 (a) 1 μm × 1 μm AFM image of the system consisting of latex nan...Figure 15.18 Size distribution of the nanoparticle's diameter estimated by A...