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List of Abbreviations

AFNORAssociation Française de NormalisationAgNPSilver nanoparticleAIHAAmerican Industrial Hygiene AssociationALPalkaline phosphataseALTalanine transaminaseANSIAmerican National Standards Institute, USAAOAcridine orangeASTaspartate transaminaseASTMASTM InternationalATF4activating transcription factor 4AuNCGold nanocubeAuNPGold nanoparticleAuNRGold nanorodBAD2Bcl‐2 associated agonist of cell deathBALFBronchoalveolar lavage fluidBcl‐xLB‐cell lymphoma‐extra largeBcl‐2B‐cell lymphoma 2BSIBritish Standards InstitutionCDCCenters for Disease Control and Prevention, USACdk1cyclin‐dependent kinase 1CENEuropean Committee for StandardizationCENELECEuropean Committee for Electrotechnical StandardizationCeONPCerium oxide nanoparticleCEPACanadian Environmental Protection Act, 1999CFRCode of Federal RegulationsCLPClassification, Labeling, and Packaging of Substances and MixturesCNSTCenter for Nanoscale Science and Technology, USACOSHHThe Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations, 2002, USACQAcritical quality attributesCTABCetyl trimethyl ammonium bromideCuNPCopper nanoparticleCuONPCopper oxide nanoparticleDAPI4′,6‐diamidino‐2‐phenylindoleDCFH‐DA2′7′‐dichlorofluorescin diacetateDHHSDepartment of Health and Human Services, USADNAdeoxyribonucleic acidDOCOffice of the Director, USADSLDomestic Substance List, CanadaECHAEuropean Chemical AgencyEDEthidium bromideELISAEnzyme linked immunosorbent assayELSAethical, legal, and social aspectsEPAEnvironmental Protection AgencyErαestrogen receptor alphaETSIEuropean Telecommunications Standards InstituteFasfatty acid synthaseFIFRAFederal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide ActFpgFormamidopyrimidine DNA glycosylaseGBGuobiao StandardsGDGGuideline Development GroupGHSGlobally Harmonized System of Classification and Labeling of ChemicalsGSSGGlutathione disulfideILinterleukinIL‐2Interleukin 2IONPIron oxide nanoparticleIOMCInter‐Organization Programme for the Sound Management of ChemicalsISIRIInstitute of Standards & Industrial Research of IranISOInternational Organization for StandardizationHepG2hepatoma G2HepG2human hepatoma cellHSP7070 kilodalton heat shock proteinsKi‐67antigen Ki‐67LC50median lethal concentrationLD50median lethal doseLPSlipopolysaccharideMAPKmitogen‐activated protein kinaseMCF‐7breast cancer cell line. The acronym of Michigan Cancer Foundation‐7Mcl‐1Myeloid cell leukemia 1MDAMalondialdehydeMDA‐MB‐231human breast cancer cellsMFDSMinistry of Food and Drug Safety of the Republic of KoreaMMP‐9matrix metallopeptidase 9MNPsMetallic nanoparticlesmRNAmessenger RNAmtTFAmitochondrial transcription factor ANCIU.S. National Cancer Institute, USANEHINanotechnology Environmental and Health Implications Working GroupNF‐κBnuclear factor kappa‐light‐chain‐enhancer of activated B cellsNIHNational Institute of Health, USANIOSHNational Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, USANISTNational Institute of Standards and Technology, USANMBPThe Advisory Group for Nanotechnologies, Advanced Materials, Biotechnology, and Advanced Manufacturing and ProcessingNMPANational Medical Products Administration, ChinaNNCONational Nanotechnology Coordination Office, USANNINational Nanotechnology Initiative, USANNINNational Nanotechnology Infrastructure Network, USANOAELNo observable adverse effect levelNPsnanoparticlesNRCCanada National Research Council of CanadaNSETThe Nanoscale Science, Engineering, and Technology Subcommittee, USANSNRNew Substances Notification Regulations, CanadaNSRCNanoscale Science Research Centers, USANSTCThe National Science and Technology Council, USANTPNational Toxicology ProgramOECDOrganization for Economic Co‐operation and DevelopmentOELoccupational exposure limitOSHAOccupational Safety and Health Administration, USAOSTPThe Office of Science and Technology Policy, USAp53tumor protein p53PARPpoly(ADP‐ribose)polymerasePBMCPeripheral blood mononuclear cellsPBTpersistent, bioaccumulative, and toxicPCRPolymerase chain reactionPEGPolyethylene glycolPMNpremanufacture noticesPPEpersonal protective equipmentPS20Polysorbate 20PS80Polysorbate 80PtDprevention through designREACHRegulation for the Registration, Evaluation, Authorization, and Restriction of ChemicalsRELrecommended exposure limitRITCrhodamine B isothiocyanateROSreactive oxygen speciesSACStandardization Administration of ChinaSDOstandards developing organizationsSDSsafety data sheetSDSSodium dodecyl sulphateSODSuperoxide dismutaseSOD2superoxide dismutase 2SeNPsselenium nanoparticlesSNURsignificant new use rulesSVHCsubstance of very high concernTBARsThiobarbituric acid reactive substancesTGF‐βTransforming growth factor‐βTiO2NPTitanium dioxide nanoparticleTLVthreshold limit valueTMATNNN‐trimethylammonium ethanethiolTNF‐αtumor necrosis factor alphaTNSCTaiwan Nanotechnology Standards CouncilTSCAToxic Substances Control ActTUNELterminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labelingUNCEDUnited Nations Conference on Environment and DevelopmentUNMZCzech Office for Standards, Metrology, and TestingUNPunbound engineered nanoparticlesUSFDAFood and Drug Administration, USAUSPTOU.S. Patent and Trademark Office, USAVAMASVersailles Project on Advanced Materials and StandardsvPvBvery persistent, very bioaccumulativeVEGFvascular endothelial growth factorWELworkplace exposure limitWPMNOECD Working Party on Manufactured NanomaterialsWPMNWorking Party on Manufactured NanomaterialsZnONPZinc oxide nanoparticle