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Illumination

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Properly adjusted and color‐balanced illumination increases apparent resolution, enhancing the surgeon's ability to discern tissue color, depth, and dimension and more readily distinguish anatomic structures in the patient (Carr and Castellucci 2010). Standard overhead surgical lights, including LED lights, are often too far to provide adequate illumination of structures in small or deep body cavities of exotic animals. Both operating microscopes and surgical loupes are equipped with coaxial light sources that illuminate a path parallel to the line of sight and reduce the potential for shadows and other visual obstructions (Carr and Castellucci 2010; Cordero 2014). Both the xenon light source of an operating microscope and the LED lights of surgical loupes illuminate without the risk of added warmth and tissue desiccation (Carr and Castellucci 2010; Cordero 2014) (Figure 3.10).

Surgery of Exotic Animals

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