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At extubation

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 The horse must suddenly change from being a mouth breather to having to resume nasal breathing, so obstruction of the upper airway is more likely to occur following extubation, especially if the horse is still deeply anesthetized.

 Airway patency should be checked after extubation by placing a hand close to the horse's nostrils and checking for airflow, while at the same time observing thoraco‐abdominal excursion. The thoraco‐abdominal movements should be smooth, and not accompanied by inspiratory or expiratory effort or upper airway noises indicative of obstruction.

 The epiglottis needs to be re‐aligned to its normal position, dorsal to the soft palate, for successful nasal breathing to resume.

Manual of Equine Anesthesia and Analgesia

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