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1 Chapter 1Figure 1.1 Different distribution models evolved.Figure 1.2 Single vertical structure.Figure 1.3 Unbundled structure.Figure 1.4 Input-based franchisee model.Figure 1.5 Nobel business model for power distribution.

2 Chapter 2Figure 2.1 Methodology for deducing the optimal switching frequency.Figure 2.2 IEEE 33-bus radial distribution system.

3 Chapter 3Figure 3.1 Problems in the distribution systems.

4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 ICCT controlled DSTATCOM-BESS system connected at PCC.Figure 4.2 System scheme of D-STATCOM with BESS.Figure 4.3 ICCT-based control algorithm for DSTATCOM-BESS.Figure 4.4 MATLAB simulation of indirect current control...Figure 4.5 Response of DSTATCOM-BESS under a balanced linear load.Figure 4.6 Response of DSTATCOM-BESS under a nonlinear load.Figure 4.7 Source side frequency spectrum.Figure 4.8 Load side frequency spectrum.Figure 4.9 Response of DSTATCOM-BESS under an induction motor load.Figure 4.10 Source side frequency spectrum.Figure 4.11 Load side frequency spectrum.Figure 4.12 Response of DSTATCOM-BESS under an unbalanced linear load.Figure 4.13 Source side frequency spectrum.Figure 4.14 Load side frequency spectrum.Figure 4.15 Response of DSTATCOM-BESS under an unbalanced nonlinear load.Figure 4.16 Source side frequency spectrum.Figure 4.17 Load side frequency spectrum.Figure 4.18 Response of DSTATCOM-BESS under an unbalanced motor load.Figure 4.19 Source side frequency spectrum.Figure 4.20 Load side frequency spectrum.

5 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 EV battery charger model.Figure 5.2 Circuit configuration of grid facing converter.Figure 5.3 EV charger controller block diagram.Figure 5.4 Frequency domain response of the resonant filter.Figure 5.5 (a) Performance of the charger with battery...Figure 5.6 (a) Performance of the charger with battery...Figure 5.7 Performance of EV charger during battery...Figure 5.8 Performance of EV charger during battery...Figure 5.9 Performance of EV charger during battery...

6 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 Traditional architecture of power flow in an...Figure 6.2 Comparison of communication architecture between a...Figure 6.3 Three-layered infrastructure of a smart grid.

7 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 DMS functions division.Figure 7.2 Interaction between different...Figure 7.3 Conceptual design of the DMS.

8 Chapter 8Figure 8.1 Capacitor banks and their impacts...Figure 8.2 Network losses during different...Figure 8.3 Load demand during different operating scenarios.Figure 8.4 Percentage energy savings per year at...Figure 8.5 Impact of percentage voltage change on...Figure 8.6 Voltage profile during different test cases.Figure 8.7 Line losses during different test cases.Figure 8.8 Load drawl during different test cases.

9 Chapter 9Figure 9.1 Active network management solutions...Figure 9.2 An example of a seasonally adaptive QU-droop.Figure 9.3 Traffic light concept.Figure 9.4 An example for some flexible energy...Figure 9.5 Peak shaving performed by ESSs.Figure 9.6 The required battery capacity calculation for peak shaving.Figure 9.7 Schematic of integration of BESS to the distribution network.Figure 9.8 Different types of ESS technologies.

10 Chapter 2Figure 10.1 WLS algorithm.Figure 10.2 IEEE 14-bus observability analysis.Figure 10.3 21-bus Southern region system observability analysis.

11 Chapter 11Figure 11.1 Architecture of smart grid by Federal Department of Energy.Figure 11.2 The smart grid – Architecture 2.Figure 11.3 Smart grid multilayered architecture.Figure 11.4 Interdependencies between smart cities, smart...Figure 11.5 Architecture of smart microgrid system.Figure 11.6 Classifications of demand response.Figure 11.7 The smart agent.Figure 11.8 Smart agent model.Figure 11.9 Classification of smart agents.Figure 11.10 Basic flow chart of a genetic algorithm.Figure 11.11 Basic flow chart of a particle swarm optimization.Figure 11.12 Basic flow chart of a harmony search algorithm.Figure 11.13 Basic flow chart of a Tabu search algorithm.Figure 11.14 Basic flow chart for optimum position and size of the DG.

12 Chapter 12Figure 12.1 A typical DBS controlled by the ADE-based...Figure 12.2 Flowchart of the proposed control algorithm.Figure 12.3 Topology of the five-bus 48 V DC microgrid.Figure 12.4 Waveforms of RES power and bus voltages without DBS.Figure 12.5 Bus voltage waveforms for the DBS controlled by the PI controllers.Figure 12.6 Bus voltages waveforms for the DBS controlled by...Figure 12.7 SoC of the batteries for the DBS controlled by...Figure 12.8 Power loss waveforms of the two control schemes.Figure 12.9 Block diagram of the PSO-based hierarchical control.Figure 12.10 Flowchart of the PSO-based hierarchical control.Figure 12.11 Structure of the five-bus AC microgrid.Figure 12.12 (a) bus voltages, (b) references, and (c) fitness values for...Figure 12.13 Comparative bar charts of the PSO control with different weighting factors.Figure 12.14 SoC of the batteries for the DBS at buses 2 and 4.Figure 12.15 Flowchart of the CMPC algorithm.Figure 12.16 The 48 V five-bus DC microgrid without DBS in simulation.Figure 12.17 Waveforms of the bus voltages of the DC microgrid with four DCES.Figure 12.18 Distribution power loss for different weighting factors.Figure 12.19 Adaptive weighting factor.Figure 12.20 Comparisons of the distribution energy saving between...Figure 12.21 Comprehensive control block diagram of the predictive...Figure 12.22 Architecture of the three-bus microgrid in the experiment.Figure 12.23 Bus 1 voltage waveforms without and with ES during the period...Figure 12.24 Bus 1 voltages for (a) λ = 1 and (b) λ = 0.8.Figure 12.25 Waveforms of the power loss on the distribution lines in the experiment.

13 Chapter 13Figure 13.1 Estimated RE share of global electricity production, end 2019.Figure 13.2 Wind energy penetration percentages by independent system operators.Figure 13.3 Wind energy generation system with type 1 and type 2 configurations.Figure 13.4 Wind energy generation system type 3.Figure 13.5 Wind energy generation system type 4.Figure 13.6 Emerging possible solution of challenges associated...Figure 13.7 First possible solution of challenges associated with...Figure 13.8 Second possible solution of challenges associated with...Figure 13.9 Third possible solution of challenges associated with...

14 Chapter 14Figure 14.1 Components of Internet of Things (IoT).Figure 14.2 Types of machine learning.Figure 14.3 IoT and machine learning implementation in Solar PV system.Figure 14.4 SRRA data collection and processing.Figure 14.5 Variation of solar irradiations with time and weather change.Figure 14.6 Change in clearness index, ambient temperature, and wind velocity in a year.Figure 14.7 Sun paths at Jodhpur (latitude....

15 Chapter 15Figure 15.1 Structure of the SPVDG system.Figure 15.2 Power architecture of the SPVDG system.Figure 15.3 Case 1: PV states.Figure 15.4 Case 1: Battery states.Figure 15.5 Case 2: PV states.Figure 15.6 Case 2: Battery states.Figure 15.7 Case 3: PV states.Figure 15.8 Case 3: Battery states.

16 Chapter 16Figure 16.1 Microgrid concept.Figure 16.2 Generic V2G structure, ISO: independent system operator.Figure 16.3 Participation of V2G in aggregation.Figure 16.4 Typical communication scenario of a V2G system.Figure 16.5 Possible energy market and...Figure 16.6 Energy storage technologies.Figure 16.7 Estimated social benefits.

17 Chapter 17Figure 17.1 Schematic of the 7-bus test system.Figure 17.2 AL-Mansoor No.11 network.Figure 17.3 Initial distribution network.Figure 17.4 Distribution network of Koprivnica.Figure 17.5 The 30-bus distribution system.Figure 17.6 Single-diagram of the 33-bus distribution system.Figure 17.7 Baghdad distribution network.Figure 17.8 The real 59-bus distribution system.Figure 17.9 Schematic diagram of the 69-bus distribution system.Figure 17.10 The 70-bus radial distribution system.Figure 17.11 Distribution system of TPC.Figure 17.12 The 119-bus test system.Figure 17.13 Diagram of the 136-bus distribution system.Figure 17.14 Schematic diagram of the 203-bus distribution system.

18 Chapter 18Figure 18.1 Single-line diagram of a three-node system.

19 Chapter 19Figure 19.1 Single point.Figure 19.2 Multiple points.Figure 19.3 Mutation operator.Figure 19.4 Example system.Figure 19.5 Flowchart of the DCGA method.Figure 19.6 Flowchart of the modified Prim algorithm.Figure 19.7 Flowchart of the EDCGA method.

20 Chapter 20Figure 20.1 Different types of DR schemes.Figure 20.2 An overview of DR-based flexibility services.Figure 20.3 System-wide frequency-related ancillary services (in Finland).Figure 20.4 Different tasks of home energy management system...Figure 20.5 The scheduling of HEMS based on the type of...Figure 20.6 Possible scheduling techniques for HEMS.

21 Chapter 21Figure 21.1 Modes of energy conservation.Figure 21.2 Electricity consumption of a commercial building in the US.Figure 21.3 (a). Single-glazed window.Figure 21.3 (b). Double-glazed window.Figure 21.4 Building modeling simulation process.Figure 21.5 Sun path analysis New Delhi 9:00 a.m.Figure 21.6 Sun path analysis New Delhi 2:00 p.m.Figure 21.7 Sun path analysis New Delhi 5:00 p.m.Figure 21.8 Sun path analysis Rome 09:00 a.m.Figure 21.9 Sun path analysis Rome 02:00 p.m.Figure 21.10 Sun path analysis Rome 05:00 p.m.Figure 21.11 Sun path analysis Reyjavik 9:00 a.m.Figure 21.12 Sun path analysis Reyjavik 2:00 p.m.Figure 21.13 Sun path analysis Reyjavik 5:00 p.m.Figure 21.14 Sun path analysis Nairobi 09:00 a.m.Figure 21.15 Sun path analysis Nairobi 02:00 p.m.Figure 21.16 Sun path analysis Nairobi 05:00 p.m.Figure 21.17 Sun path analysis Sydney 9:00 a.m.Figure 21.18 Sun path analysis Sydney 2:00 p.m.Figure 21.19 Sun path analysis Sydney 5:00 p.m.

22 Chapter 22Figure 22.1 Development of a meter system.Figure 22.2 Architecture of a traditional meter and SM.Figure 22.3 Blocks of MDMS.Figure 22.4 Transmission architecture.