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 Globally, tuberculosis notification data show a male‐to‐female ratio of 1.7:1 and higher, although the underlying reasons for the male bias remain unclear

 Latent tuberculosisThe initial infection is usually asymptomaticApproximately one‐quarter of the world's population has latent tuberculosis – at this stage, they cannot transmit the infection

 Active primary tuberculosis diseasePeople infected with tuberculosis bacteria have a 5–15% lifetime risk of progressing to develop tuberculosis diseasePersons with compromised immune systems, such as those living with HIV, malnutrition or diabetes, or people who use tobacco, have a higher risk of developing the diseaseSymptoms include fever, night sweats, cough, asthenia, anorexia and lymphadenopathyThe symptoms may be mild and persist for many months, leading to delays in seeking care, and in transmission of the bacteria to othersPulmonary impairment may progress, resulting in a productive cough, rales (abnormal rattling sound from the lungs) and, in highly advanced stages, haemoptysisOccasionally, there is extrapulmonary dissemination, which can affect the central nervous system, bones and cardiovascular, genitourinary and gastrointestinal systemsSome particularly prevalent conditions such as alcoholism, drug addiction, cancer, diabetes and HIV infection can alter the clinical presentation of tuberculosisWithout appropriate treatment, approximately 45% of HIV‐negative people with tuberculosis and nearly all HIV‐positive people with tuberculosis will die

 Tuberculosis recurrenceLatent tuberculosis is associated with 5–10% chance of reactivation, usually within the first 2 years of infectionRecurrence can be due to either reactivation of the same strain, i.e. relapse, or reinfection with a new strainRecurrence due to reinfection is more likely in endemic settings with high rates of HIV coinfection